New
Connectivity (JR 80)
Introduction
5G networks are the next generation of mobile internet
connectivity, offering faster speeds and more reliable connections on smart phones
and other devices than ever before. Combining cutting-edge network technology
and the very latest research, 5G should offer connections that are multitudes
faster than current connections, with average download speeds of around 1GBps
expected to soon be the norm.
The networks will help power a huge rise in Internet of Things
technology, providing the infrastructure needed to carry huge amounts of data,
allowing for a smarter and more connected world. With development well
underway, 5G networks are expected to launch across the world by 2020, working
alongside existing 3G and 4G technology to provide speedier connections that
stay online no matter where you are.
5G is the
fifth generation of cellular mobile communications. It
succeeds the 4G (LTE/WiMax),
3G (UMTS)
and 2G (GSM)
systems. 5G performance targets high data rate, reduced latency, energy saving,
cost reduction, higher system capacity, and massive device connectivity. The
first phase of 5G specifications in Release-15 will be completed by March 2019,
to accommodate the early commercial deployment. The second phase in Release-16
is due completed by March 2020, for submission to the ITU as a candidate of
IMT-2020 technology The ITU IMT-2020 standard provides speeds up to 20 gigabits per
second with millimeter waves of 15 gigahertz and higher frequency. The more
recent 3GPP standard
includes networks using the NR (New Radio) software. 5G New Radio can include
lower frequencies, from 600 MHz to 6 GHz. However, the speeds in these lower
frequencies are only slightly higher than new 4G systems, estimated at 15% to 50% faster
The world has
witnessed an astonishingly short space of time, our ability to communicate and
access information has changed beyond all recognition, unlike previous connectivity
developments, speed isn’t the whole story. It is all too easy to get caught up
with the hype of ever-increasing download and upload speeds. In the future,
just as necessary (or maybe even more so), are the developments in low-power
networks for use with the Internet of Things, where speed does not count, but
energy conservation does.
What is clear is
that connectivity is evolving, both in terms of how it is delivered and how it
is used. There is hardly a day that passes without tales of some new data
breach. As we develop and build new business models, we must not lose sight of
the need to build in security.
What 5G will mean
Here are some of the key
differentiators that 5G will provide to future wireless connectivity:10x
decrease in latencyLatency will be as low as 1ms.
10x increase in connection
density This will enable more efficient signaling for IoT connectivity.3x
spectrum efficiency; More bits per Hz will be achieved with advanced antenna
techniques; 100x traffic capacityThis will drive network hyper-densification
with more small cells everywhere; 10x experienced throughput Multi-Gbps peak
rates will be achieved with uniformity; 100x network efficiency Network energy
consumption will be optimized through more efficient processing.
The switch to 5G will mean longer
battery life for devices, lower costs, enhanced cellular footprints, higher
throughput, enhanced capacity, low latency, and virtually no packets dropped.
Specifications
4G and LTE networks will continue to
improve but they will eventually reach the limit of what they are capable of
delivering in terms of data throughput. Recently, Qualcomm unveiled its Snapdragon
X24 LTE modem, the announcement of a chip that
can deliver up to 2Gbps. 5G is expected to cast its shadow over these speeds by
bringing in three new perks to the table.
·
Higher maximum speeds (5G networks
will be able to move a lot of data in a matter of seconds)
·
Lower latency (more responsiveness
is always a good thing and we will talk about this in a while)
·
Connecting more devices in unison
(for IoT and other smart devices)
5G is not just going to be important
for smartphones and tablets, but for other real-world applications, which will
get to in a second. 5G connectivity will be based on several new
technologies that will serve as the foundation of the next-generation wireless
networking standard
Technologies That Will Form the Backbone of 5G Connectivity
Smart phones and other connected devices rely
on high-powered cellular towers to remain functional and broadcast their
signals over longer distances. Millimeter waves, which 5G connectivity will be
working through to broadcast signals cannot travel long distances. The solution
is to use Small cells are
low-powered base stations that are going to be deployed in thousands of numbers
and transmit millimeter
waves. They can also be deployed on light
poles and building rooftops. The more small-cell towers you have, the better
the performance of the network.
Best of all, these do not require as much power as those massive
radio towers, so power consumption will be significantly reduced. These small
cell towers will also be able to form a web of broadcasting signals when placed
in close proximity, so there is no signal degradation. This is going to play a
pivotal role in developed cities, where the infrastructure thanks to adjacent
buildings is massive. When a user moves around with his or her cell phone, the
device will switch from one small cell base station to another so that there is
no loss in performance or signals.
Millimeter waves: Most of the devices you see around you operate on very
specific frequencies on the frequency operating spectrum. Smart phones and
other electronics typically function below 6GHz but here is where the problem
lies. These products are being used in a higher number and as more and more
devices are being activated and coming line, they crowding the frequencies
falling under the 6GHz spectrum. Carriers can only push through a certain
amount of data on the same frequency spectrum. As more and more devices become
online, you will definitely be seeing slower services and higher connection
losses, which is why opening up more frequencies is very important.
As a result, researchers are figuring out ways to broadcast on
shorter waves called millimeter waves. These waves fall in the 30-300GHz
spectrum. Since this range has never been used for a variety of electronics
including smart phones, it would make perfect sense to use these as more
bandwidth will be available for users. Unfortunately, here is where the
downside of millimeter waves begins to materialize. These waves cannot
penetrate through solid structures such as buildings and will often be absorbed
by plants, trees and also rain. To get around this technology, small cell base
stations will be the answer (information given above) and will need to set up
in lots of numbers to overcome this problem
Massive MIMO (Multiple-input
Multiple-output): Your typical 4G radio tower
features approximately 10-12 ports for antennas that are responsible for
handling cellular traffic. Massive MIMO base stations will be able to support
over a 100 of these ports, meaning that these stations will be able to handle a
significant amount of cellular traffic. As always, a brand new form of
technology has its drawbacks.
Incorporating a lot of these ports on Massive MIMO base states
will mean that signals are going to be broadcast in all directions, and this
can also lead to a loss of signal performance. In other words, these antennas
are going to be broadcasting the signal in all directions, which is also known
as omni-directional. This is how beam forming is going to change everything and
result in smoother performance
Beamforming: Instead of throwing signals in all directions, which is
also known as omni-directional, base stations will broadcast a signal in one
single direction. This will help to maximize the distance for each user,
prevent interference with other signals and it is far more efficient when it
comes to wireless networking performance. This approach is called beam-forming
and lots of high-end wireless router manufacturers employ this specific
technology in their products to maximize wireless networking performance as
well
Full duplex: Current cellular base stations can only receive and
transmit signals at a time. They cannot commit to doing both things
simultaneously. Think of this operation as a walkie-talkie scenario, where two
people need to take turns in sending and receiving data. This is where full
duplex is going to change things. It will be able to re-route data in such a
manner where receiving and transmitting data will be done nearly at the same
pace, making things a lot more efficient and faster.
5G Connectivity speeds
According to the latest specifications, 5G will have a maximum
throughput of 20Gbps on the downlink side, and up to 10Gbps on the uplink side.
This potentially means that you will be able to download a Full HD movie in a
matter of seconds, but that is if we were living in a perfect world. The
aforementioned speeds are theoretical, so we could realistically see 100Mbps
per user, which is still faster than any LTE standard we’ve seen till now.
Latency
Speed is not the only thing that is important
here; latency is too. The latency role is going to be playing an important
factor when it comes to IoT, autonomous vehicles, and more. 5G is reportedly
going to be working at a latency of 1ms, and autonomous vehicles can take
advantage of this. For example, if the vehicle needs to make an immediate
decision while it is connected to 5G, the latency will allow it to make the
decision much faster. A higher latency will mean that the car will take longer
to receive data to perform a specific function and that could mean a potential
accident.
The same thing can be
applied to connected devices and appliances if and when they finally connect to
the 5G network. There are other benefits of having 5G officially getting rolled
out, and they have been listed below.
·
A 1000 times bandwidth
per unit area
·
10-100 connected
devices
·
Around 99 percent
availability
·
100 percent coverage
·
90 percent reduction
in network energy usage
·
Up to 10-year battery
life for low power devices
5G Connectivity
advantages
There are several advantages of having a 5G
connectionare th listed below.
·
Faster download and upload speeds
·
Smoother streaming of online content
·
Higher-quality voice and video calls
·
More reliable mobile connections
Capability
Over the next five
years, the next generation of wired and wireless connectivity, characterized,
in particular, by (5G) fifth generation mobile networks, full-fiber broadband
and satellite internet technology is widely touted by industry and observers
for its potential to deliver a step change in connectivity and its
capabilities. Enthusiasts for 5G—in truth a broad marketing label for several
mobile technologies that will evolve, in time, into the next-generation telecommunication
standard—promise a tenfold increase in wireless speeds that could, in some
cases, make wired infrastructure redundant. But, critically, next-generation
connectivity is characterized not just by speed but by its other attributes,
such as greater capacity and low- latency, effectively instantaneous
connections that promise to enable such applications as driverless car
technology, remote surgery and sophisticated real-time drone management.
Aided, too, by
large-scale satellite arrays, ubiquitous connections between devices anywhere in
the world could deliver the infrastructure that a truly global Internet of
Things requires. Such connectivity promises to enable sensor-laden buildings
and cities, transform transport infrastructure, facilitate asset tracking
across the globe and extend smart electricity grids to remote areas.
Impacts on Industries
Equipped with
next-generation connectivity, business leaders have the opportunity to rethink
the ways they do business, to reduce inefficiencies, reach new audiences,
better serve existing ones and open up new revenue streams. They also face new
competitive threats and risks.
The overall pace of
change is blistering— but the anticipation and adoption of next-generation
connectivity is affecting industries in different ways and at different rates.
Capital-intensive,
“physical” sectors such as energy, real estate and transport have been
historically slower to adopt digital connectivity to the same extent digital
industries have, but expect significant advances from next-generation
connectivity. Connectivity will become
more important to businesses in the next five years. Connectivity is also regarded
as being “strategically important” to businesses over the next five years, with
the energy and transport sectors being the most bullish in this respect. Next-generation
connectivity is enabling new technologies, including autonomous vehicles.
Security, data
protection and privacy concerns present notable barriers to the adoption of
greater connectivity. Security concerns are very or extremely likely
to lead business to avoid or withdraw from greater connectivity in some cases,
a sentiment particularly pronounced in the energy and utilities sector.
Throughout history,
connectivity and prosperity have been intrinsically linked. From early road
systems and seaports, through to railroads and telephone lines, wherever
infrastructure has existed to connect people, communities have thrived.
In recent decades,
the internet has supercharged global connectivity—and the pace of its expansion
has been extraordinary. The internet has not just transformed the way that people connect to each other, but it has also quickly become vital to the way
that businesses organise themselves and sell their products and services. It
has presented new business model possibilities, and opened up new industries or
upended existing ones, as demonstrated by the likes of companies from Spotify
to Uber. Digital platforms are now the basis for seven of the world’s ten
largest companies by market capitalization.
Internet traffic volumes will continue to
grow. In part this is because connectivity has extended its reach to include a
vast range of physical objects that up the fabric of our lives . In the age of
internet of things (IoT) connected buildings , vehicles and infrastructure such
as utilities networks bristle with sensors , actuators , meters and other
devices that use connectivity to report on their status and respond as data are collected .
Preparing for 5G
Harnessing the
benefits of next-generation connectivity will require investment, strategic
initiatives, new partnerships, and redesigned business processes and even
business models. . Consumers have come
to expect that they can order a book online using their smart phone but pick it
up at a bricks-and-mortar bookstore. The retailer can check the inventory and
locate the item in their warehouse, track the truck that delivers it to the
store and then alert the customer of its availability. In other words,
connectivity makes a huge amount of digital information relating to the
physical availability and location of an item available to both buyer and
seller.
A New Norm
As the physical and
digital worlds have converged, this combination has rapidly become the new
normal in business. Businesses rely on the combination of physical and digital
processes, This reliance is only set to
grow. Businesses expect to see greater
interconnectivity between the physical and digital worlds in five years’ time
and a further third expect it to be significantly greater
The IoT is a huge
driver of this convergence. Companies are already adding low-cost electronic
devices to previously unconnected physical items to allow those items to
connect to the internet and communicate, including products from domestic
appliances to goods in transit. This enables insights to improving the
wellbeing and productivity of occupants. IBM’s cloud-based Maximo platform is
providing Sodexo with real-time data analysis across 2.5m assets in buildings
that the company manages worldwide.
IoT-fuelled
connectivity opens the doors to a number of other key trends that in turn
present new opportunities. For a start, IoT devices create huge volumes of data
that, once analyzed, can provide insights into business performance and
customer behavior, and clues as to how efficiencies might be achieved. They can
also help pinpoint likely sources of untapped demand. Four out of five
respondents say they see data analytics as a source of new opportunity between
now and 2023.
Businesses see particular opportunities to be
gained from augmented, virtual and mixed reality, as mobile devices and
connected headsets are used to overlay views of the physical world with data.
For example, prospective new tenants of an office or residential building that
is under construction can use augmented reality (AR) to inspect the site and
see their view of it overlaid with images of how its architect envisages the
final result. There are ample opportunities in media, publishing and entertainment;
too digital businesses regard augmented, virtual and mixed reality as a significant
opportunity for their business. When this sector was asked which
industry-specific applications they regarded as the most significant for their
business, the enhanced ability to deliver virtual and augmented reality was the
most selected response, ahead of even real-time data analytics Business
report opportunities in artificial intelligence (AI), a term that is
broadly used to define computer systems that replicate a function of human
intelligence and today typically referring to machine learning systems that can
self- improve their outputs by reference to inputted data. Connectivity has
been a key driver in generating data from a wide range of sensors, machines and
devices, and next- generation connectivity will ramp up the potential for AI
tools to respond immediately to real-time data. AI will be key in transport and
logistics, for example, as it will enable connected vehicles and robots to
navigate their surroundings autonomously, avoid collisions and learn from
errors in order to refine future responses or actions.
Connecting over a
number of devices and processes requires infrastructure that can support it.
Taking advantage of new technology trends, such as increasingly sophisticated
data analytics, will require access to new levels of connectivity for
businesses—and the demands they place on that connectivity will be more
exacting Autonomous vehicles are a case in point. Leaps forward in AI and
cheaper sensors have made self-driving cars a near-future reality. But such
technology will critically depend on next-generation connectivity for their
advancement on the open road.
Autonomous vehicles
must communicate with cars, smart city infrastructure and
remote data centers in order to navigate roads safely and avoid collisions.
Much of the technology for this exists, according to researchers from a Chinese
technology company, Huawei, or soon will. However, “the most prominent missing
component is a high-reliability, low-latency communications system,” the
researchers write.These high-speed, low-latency links will be essential if
autonomous driving systems are to mimic or improve on the split-second response
times that might be seen in a human driver.
Similarly, demand
for AR and VR streaming is pushing demand for connectivity that can handle large
amounts of data without lag, whether for an entertainment business serving
consumers games or digital health care businedd investigating the viability of
remote surgical operations . For some, 5G mobile networks could provide the
answer. Standards for the fifth generation of wireless technology will not be
finalised until the November 2019 World Radiocommunications Conference, but the
claims being made for it are impressive: lightning fast speeds, incredibly low
latency and the capacity to handle massive numbers of connections
simultaneously.
There is still much
work to be done. In particular, service providers will need to install new
antennae, base stations and fiber-optic cables. This is costly work, so many
may delay until there is evidence of clear demand, and that demand is likely to
be led by consumer- focused mobile broadband services rather than business use
cases. For that reason,and because of the time it takes to build the
infrastructure, analysts at McKinsey, a consultancy, reckon market trials and
small and larger scale will continue but large scale deployment of the
technology “is unlikely to take place until the early 2020s”.
Cost is a big issue. “For industrial
companies, at least initially, the costs associated with that kind of high-performance, low-latency
connectivity might mean it does not make sense simply to connect equipment on a
factory floor, because previous-generation environmental conditions prevail,
satellite connectivity is proving highly valuable.
Once prohibitively expensive
for most everyday applications, this technology is now maturing and extending
to new business cases. At satellite connectivity provider Inmarsat, the kind of
service-level agreements (SLAs) that previously appealed principally to
companies in the maritime transport sector are now finding favor elsewhere.
SLAs, associated with satellite adoption, guarantee the level of quality of the
service provided. Satellite connectivity services are typically offered at
higher SLAs, whilst cellular operators offer lower SLAs to deliver connectivity
to a mass market In other words, satellite ensures reliability while cellular
delivers capacity. “In the age of IoT, many organizations are finding that a
mixture of the two can provide the best trade-off between service level and
cost.”
Inmarsat has
partnered with mobile operators including Vodafone and Jersey Telecom to offer
a mix of satellite and cellular services.
In transport, for example, many companies find that a satellite provider
can give them a single point of service across multiple regions, instead of
forcing them to switch between multiple operators when roaming, . This can be particularly useful for
achieving a joined-up view for companies running networks of ships and trucks.
This oversight, and data gleaned from it, allows businesses to operate much
more efficient logistics, and to spot and fix problems more quickly.
In its niche of
agriculture tech, start-up CropX sees value in the combination of cellular and
satellite technology. The company’s smart soil sensors are planted in fields to
communicate information about soil quality–and what it needs for crops to
thrive–via a platform that farmers can access from mobile devices. This mix of
cellular and satellite connectivity enables soil sensors in even the most
far-flung rural locations to relay information, explains CropX’s CEO, Tomer
Tzach. Farmers are typically looking for higher yields while looking to curb
any unnecessary costs around irrigation and fertilizer.In this way, they are
spared from having to visit sometimes very distant areas of their farms to make
an assessment
No time to
wait
What’s clear is
that while companies are alert to the potential of next-generation
connectivity, they are not waiting for new standards to be ratified or for
infrastructure to be built. Instead, they are exploring the uses of
connectivity that are available today. 5G,
in particular, is best regarded as an “evolution of existing network
technology, rather than a significant step change in capabilities”.
It makes sense for
companies to focus on what they can do today, 5G is seen as an evolution, certainly, but it’s an
important evolution that will enable a couple of things. First, it will enable
an environment of hyper-connectivity, so that companies can connect,
concurrently, a multitude of devices or a multitude of sensors. Second, it will
support very high performance, so that this multitude of devices or sensors can
transfer a lot more data, faster. As with all technologies, it’ll be a case of
companies trying to work out what’s possible once it’s available, trying to
figure out what makes sense. Only then can new use cases emerge
Invest in skills: by hiring new talent, investing in
skills and setting up digital divisions that focus on the kinds of
experimentation discussed, companies will breathe new life into their business
models and introduce fresh thinking that can take them beyond
tried-and-tested approaches.
Build new
partnerships: since next- generation connectivity is expected to fuel reliance
among businesses on third- party data, serious conversations need to be had
between business leaders on how they can open up key data systems to each
other, while preserving the integrity of commercially sensitive data and the
confidentiality of customer information.
The lesson is clear. Next-generation connectivity will
be of little use to those companies that have failed to take advantage of
today’s connectivity. Those who truly understand its potential, by contrast,
have everything to gain.
Survey
Survey results
confirm that the opportunities and challenges wrought by next-generation
connectivity, and perspectives on them, vary country to country. More developed
countries are more likely to see connectivity more currently important than
less developed countries, though just as likely to anticipate future
importance. In India, respondents are highly likely to feel that 5G will be
strategically important, but they also rate all barriers to adoption more
highly than other countries, with particular concerns around safety and
managing more complex systems.
Dutch and German
businesses stand out as leading enthusiasts for next-generation connectivity:
respondents from these countries are the most likely to think that connectivity
is important to business and most positive about a wide range of business
applications capabilities of
next-generation connectivity prompt significant opportunities for businesses,
as tried-and- tested business practices, and even business models, are fit for
reimagining are needed for the successful adoption of next-generation
connectivity, a third of respondents agree that technology innovation will be
key, and this is closely followed by business model innovation
Rethinking
business models
In many product
companies, greater connectivity allows for promising new business models based
less on selling a piece of equipment or hardware, but charging the customer
based on how they use it, through information gleaned from monitoring . A good
example is Rolls-Royce, which increasingly charges customers of its aircraft
engines based on miles flown. Ericsson is currently working with a manufacturer
of water pumps
But within this
sector, there are great variations. Today’s cars are essentially travelling
computers, boasting a wide range of connections that draw in data from onboard
sensors, GPS units, “infotainment” systems and mobile devices that monitor its performance and condition.
These features have
become critical features for consumers, but also helped automakers introduce
new services. In the EU, as of April 2018, connectivity has been made
compulsory for new cars by the eCall automated emergency call requirements,
whereby location and impact sensor information is automatically relayed to
emergency services in the event of a serious accident.
Connectivity
Reliable and
widespread connectivity is underpinning innovation around the idea of “Mobility as a Service” (MaaS), the move towards using transport as a service
rather than owning the mode of transport yourself. In Helsinki, for example,
residents navigate and pay for travel, whether public or private transport and
including suburban trains, ride-sharing services and city-centre bike shares,
through one app, Whim. Asked what they regarded as the most significant
applications driven in whole or in part by next-generation connectivity in the
next five years, respondents in the
transport and automotive sector ranked MaaS most highly only connecting?
Businesses do see
potential roadblocks ahead in the pursuit of greater connectivity. In fact,
cost and privacy concerns as well as safety concerns around, for example, the
malfunction of systems could lead some
to avoid or withdraw from the pursuit of greater connectivity in some cases.
Greater
connectivity leads to greater complexity, too. A vital part of preparing for
next-generation connectivity will lie in behind-the-scenes work to ensure
compatibility between systems so that smart products and systems are able to
interconnect to deliver the best outcomes for companies and their customers.
Security
Security concerns are very or extremely likely to lead
their business to avoid or withdraw from greater connectivity in some cases, a
sentiment particularly pronounced in the energy and utilities sector. Here,
businesses are bullish about the potential for next-generation connectivity to
fuel applications including electric vehicle infrastructure and intelligent
balancing of distributed networks. But a move away from large, centralized
energy production to many small, flexible energy networks, including domestic
installations, and the prevalence of web-connected devices such as smart
meters, brings remarkable complexity and many points of vulnerability.
Opportunity for the sector is not without risk
Tackle security
concerns: connected machines and devices can quickly become targets for
hackers. Yet some measures that might protect these connected things are
routinely neglected, such as changing default passwords and keeping on top of
software upgrades. Every company that runs on connected machines, or creates
them for customers, needs a disciplined approach to IoT security.
Deployment
Development of 5G is being led by companies such
as Huawei, Intel and Qualcomm for modem
technology and Lenovo, Nokia,Ericsson, ZTE, Cisco, and
Samsung for
infrastructure. AT&T is supporting the current roll-out of the 5G
mobile communications generation with high frequency (HF) optimized
interconnect solutions by developing and producing hybrid-printed circuit board (PCB)
structures
Worldwide commercial launch is expected in 2020.
Numerous operators have demonstrated 5G as well, including Korea Telecom for
the 2018 Winter Olympics and
Telstra at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. In
the United States, the four major carriers have all announced deployments:
AT&T's millimeter wave commercial deployments in 2018, Verizon's
5G fixed wireless launches in four U.S.
cities and millimeter-wave deployments, Sprint's launch in the 2.5
GHz band, and T-Mobile's 600 MHz 5G launch in 30 cities. Vodafone
performed the first UK trials in April 2018 using mid-band spectrum, and
China Telecom's initial 5G build out in 2018 will use mid-band spectrum as
well.
Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also
expected to be widely utilized for private networks with applications in
industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications.
Smart Phones
future
New handsets with new features and improved
performance are being introduced, Smartphone sales are being introduced have
flattened with most major markets largely saturated. The next catalyst for
smart phones could be the possibilities offered by the forthcoming 5G, or fifth
generation wireless networks, new form factors or advances in virtual and
augmented reality.
But some analysts contend that something entirely different may
supplant the smart phones, . The transition from smart phones to smart wearables
and invisible interfaces — earbuds that have biometric sensors and speakers;
rings and bracelets that sense motion; smart glasses that record and display
information — will forever change how we experience the physical world, others believe that the market is only pausing and
the smart phone will not disappear although it might change its shape and form factor, the mobile
industry is evolving to devices with more immersive touch-less experiences,
fueled by artificial intelligence, mixed reality and gesture control. New
devices may also see improved biometrics such as face recognition, and changes
such as foldable screens. it remains unclear what kind of device consumers will
want, but that “at the end of the day is it going to look a lot like a smart phone
Conclusions
In
the coming years, the newest generation of mobile connectivity – 5G – will roll
out and change what is possible again. With maximum speeds up to 1,000 xs
faster than 4G, this new technology will again shift consumer behavior, as well
as how we view smart phones, communications, IoT, gaming, and AR/VR
5G cyber security concerns: Apr., 2019:
Based on cyber security
concerns, the United States, Australia and New Zealand have staked out policy
positions that prevent or strongly discourage the acquisition of Huawei 5G
technology for use in the national communications infrastructure of these
nations. Other U.S. allies have announced or are considering policy positions
that do not go so far and would indeed allow such acquisition at least to some
extent.
. The pro-Huawei side argues that Huawei
equipment has never been shown to be compromised, and that inspections and
testing of Huawei hardware and software will prevent the implantation of
vulnerabilities that would compromise their products. The anti-Huawei side argues
that because Huawei is ultimately subject to the control of the Chinese
government, the security of a communications infrastructure based on Huawei 5G
technology depends on choices made by the Chinese government, thus placing
control of a critical national infrastructure in the hands of a foreign
government that poses—or at least in their view, should pose—an unacceptable
security risk.
The
pro-Huawei argument isn’t persuasive.
various rumors say of Huawei equipment being released in a compromised
state (e.g., USB drives that contain malware), but I have seen no evidence or
credible reporting to substantiate any of them.At the same time, an old saying
in the intelligence community holds that “we have never found anything that the
adversary has successfully hidden”—or more colloquially, the absence of
evidence is not evidence of absence. If we are unsuccessful in uncovering an
implanted compromise, is it because no adversary planted one or because an
adversary implanted it so cleverly that our techniques were unable to detect
it? Those in the intelligence community are quite aware of this analytical
problem, and a risk-management strategy driven primarily by intelligence
community concerns would focus on adversary intent and capabilities,
essentially dismissing the fact that “nothing bad has been found.”
Perhaps
more to the point is that vulnerabilities have been found in Huawei
equipment and the Huawei response has been deemed wanting. For example, the Register noted that in 2013
Huawei was notified of a firmware vulnerability in certain broadband gateways
that could be exploited by adversaries to gain remote access. Though Huawei
reportedly patched the vulnerabilities in the specific devices mentioned in the
notification, other gateways in the same series using the same firmware were
not patched. When the vulnerabilities were rediscovered in those other devices
some years later, Huawei then patched them.
Information
technology products and services contain vulnerabilities—with respect to that
reality, Huawei is really no different from any other technology vendor.
Whether the failure to patch a known vulnerability demonstrates a deliberate
attempt by Huawei to render certain devices vulnerable is impossible to know,
though I am inclined not to believe it. But the delay in patching the other
devices does suggest a Huawei failure to address cybersecurity vulnerabilities
aggressively, a point consistent with the Huawei Cyber Security Evaluation
Center Oversight Board’s 2019 reportdiscussing “serious
and systematic defects in Huawei’s software engineering and cyber security
competence.”
As
for inspections and testing of Huawei equipment to be deployed, such activities
could raise confidence in the integrity of such equipment. Nonetheless, no
reasonable amount of system testing can prove that the system is free of
defects (e.g., security vulnerabilities, software bugs). Testing offers
evidence that a system meets certain requirements (e.g., produces certain
outputs when given certain inputs), but it is impossible to demonstrate that
the system will not also do something undesirable.
A
more important point is that with software and firmware updates, the
functionality of any system running that software or firmware need not be
identical to that which was in place before any given update. Indeed, if the
system’s behavior were absolutely identical in all possible circumstances, the
update would be entirely superfluous. So an inspection of “the system” at a
moment before the update may not be particularly relevant to its behavior after
the update.
In
a world of unconstrained resources, it is possible to inspect and test every
update that Huawei offers. But we don’t live in that world; moreover, whether
such inspection would be adequate to provide well-founded assurances that
nothing is amiss is a different and unresolved question. Also, even if such
inspections did occur, they would take time, thus delaying the deployment of
updates—and in the vast majority of cases, those updates would be benign and
indeed necessary to fix bugs and patch security vulnerabilities. Thus, patch
inspection and testing would have to be done after deployment. Assuming that a
flawed (or vulnerable) patch had been installed, it would then have to be
removed.
The
anti-Huawei argument has some substance to it. Even stipulating that Huawei
equipment has never been shown to be compromised and that Huawei installations
would not be compromised in any way, the undeniable fact remains that Huawei is
subject to Chinese law requiring Chinese
organizations or citizens to “support, assist, and cooperate with state
intelligence work.”
On Feb. 20, the CEO of
Huawei asserted on CBS This Morning that “we absolutely never
install backdoors. Even if we were required by Chinese law, we would firmly
reject that.” Such a claim would more believable if Chinese law made provisions
for the appeal of such requirements to an independent judiciary, but to the
best of my knowledge, the Chinese judiciary has never ruled against the Chinese
Communist Party. (Of course, the history of U.S. government influence, both attempted and actual, over other global suppliers of technology products could also
give pause to those contemplating such acquisitions.)
But
the anti-Huawei argument is also misleading because it does not acknowledge
possible risk-mitigation measures that could be taken should Huawei technology
be adopted. In practice, the cybersecurity risks posed by embedded Huawei
technology fall into the traditional categories of confidentiality, integrity
and availability. Concerns about the compromise of data confidentiality and
integrity can be addressed using known technical measures, such as virtual
private networks (VPNs) and end-to-end encryption. Indeed, such measures are
widely used today in securing confidential communications that take place over
insecure channels. Concerns about availability are harder to address, because
nothing prevents the vendor from installing functionality that will disrupt or
degrade the network at a time of its choosing; the only known solution to the
loss of availability (i.e., turning off the network) is backup equipment from a
different vendor that can be used in an emergency.
All
of these measures would add initial and ongoing inconvenience, complexity and
expense to a decision to acquire Huawei technology. Ensuring end nodes are
properly configured to use secure encrypted channels even on internal networks
is hard to do under the best of circumstances. (Note that in the
internet-of-things world that 5G technology is expected to support,
internet-of-things devices serving as end nodes would have to be configured in
just such a way—and would thus be more expensive than the same devices without
such configuration.) Network segmentation becomes even more important in such
an environment, although it is something that should be done in any case.
Maintaining user discipline to take the necessary measures to operate safely is
challenging as well. Backup channels entail extra expenditures, but presumably
one would need backup channels only for critical functions. Thus, backup
channels would be deployed less extensively than the full-blown network.
Functionality limitations of backup channels would be relevant only in times of
crisis or conflict. Under normal “peacetime” circumstances, the Huawei 5G could
be expected to provide all of the necessary functionality.
By
omitting any mention of risk-mitigation measures and their incremental costs in
currency, convenience and complexity, the canonical anti-Huawei argument is
overly simplistic, as it reduces the question simply to whether Chinese
technology can be “trusted” given the Chinese government’s power over Chinese
companies. In practice, the incremental costs of risk mitigation may be high
enough to render Huawei technology uncompetitive, though on economic grounds
rather than policy grounds.
Cognizant
of their willingness to accept risk, policymakers should be weighing these
costs against other considerations such as price, speed of deployment and
functionality where Huawei technology might have an advantage over other
vendors—and that comparison could reasonably go either way. The calculation is
more complex but more accurately reflects the dilemma faced by policymakers.
Reframing the debate in terms of the costs of risk mitigation would also have
the salutary benefit of highlighting possible defects in Huawei’s underlying
engineering and quality-control processes for all potential customers and
giving those potential customers courses of action to mitigate risk should they
decide to acquire Huawei technology.
Health concerns related to 5G
Technology:
As wireless companies prepare to launch the
next generation of service, there are new questions about the possible health
risks from radiation emitted by cell phones and the transmitters that carry the
signals. Concerns about the potential harmful effects of radiofrequency
radiation have dogged mobile technology since the first brick-sized cellphones
hit the market in the 1980s.
Industry and federal officials have largely
dismissed those fears, saying the radiation exposure is minimal and that the
devices are safe. Incidences of and deaths from brain cancer have shown little
change in recent years despite the explosion in cell phone usage
But the launch of super-fast 5G technology
over the next several years will dramatically increase the number of
transmitters sending signals to cell phones and a host of new Internet-enabled
devices, including smart appliances and autonomous vehicles. And the move to
the new technology comes after unsettling findings from a long-awaited federal
government study of the cancer risk from cell phone use.
National Toxicology Program researchers
released preliminary data in May that showed small increases in tumors in
male rats exposed to cell phone radiation.The rats were exposed to nine hours
of radiation daily, in 10-minutes-on, 10-minutes-off intervals, over their
whole bodies for two years. The researchers found increased incidences of
rare brain and heart tumors starting at about the federally allowable level of
cellphone radiation for brain exposure, with greater incidences at about two and
four times those levels.
The study, which the American Cancer
Society said marked "a paradigm shift in our understanding of radiation
and cancer risk," reignited debate about the potential harmful effects of
cell phones on human health.The concerns are amplified by the explosive growth
in the number of cell phone subscribers over the last three decades and the
increasing amount of time people are using mobile devices amid the popularity
of social networks and streaming video.
Now, some experts and wireless-safety
advocates are calling for more research as the nation prepares to take the leap
into a 5G world that promises to offer more and faster services. And they are
reiterating advice — echoed by federal officials — about steps concerned
consumers can easily take to reduce their exposure to radiofrequency radiation,
such as using a headset to keep the phone away from their heads.
"I don't think it's clear that there
are health risks, but it's also not clear that there are no health risks,"
said Leeka Kheifets, an epidemiology professor at UCLA's Fielding School of
Public Health who has studied the health effects of cell phone use.
“EMFs act by activating channels in the membrane
that surrounds each of our cells, called voltage-gated calcium channels
(VGCCs). The EMFs put forces on the voltage sensor that controls the VGCCs of
about 7.2 million times greater than the forces on other charged groups in our
cells. This is why weak EMFs have such large biological effects on the cells of
our bodies.
Pulsed EMFs are, in most cases, more biologically
active and therefore more dangerous than are non-pulsed (continuous wave) EMFs.
All cordless communication devices communicate via pulsations, because it is
the pulsations that carry the information communicated.
5G will be much more active in activating the VGCCs
and producing health impacts because of its rapid absorption by materials in
the body, because of its very rapid pulsations and because of the huge number
antennae they are planning to put up, at least 200 times the number of antennae
from all current cell phone towers. What this means is that the impacts on the
outer one to two inches of our bodies will be massive.”
Among the major
ill-effects we will likely see some time after the introduction of 5G,
according to Dr. Pall, include increases in blindness, hearing loss, male infertility, skin cancers, thyroid issues, and nervous system dysfunction.
5G Connectivity, security concerns and concerns
related to Chinese involvement: May, 16,
2019:
Witnesses said the fifth generation of wireless technology, or
5G, will bring eye-popping data transmission capacity and spur a new age of
digital device connectivity that will revolutionize many people's daily lives,
as well as America's economic output."5G is going to be about machine-to-machine
communication, the internet of things,"
"Advances in 5G will support greater bandwidth, capacity
for billions of sensors and smart devices, and ultra-low latency [minimal data
delays] necessary for highly-reliable critical communications "Autonomous vehicles, critical
manufacturing, medical doctors performing remote surgery, and a smart electric
grid represent a small fraction of the technologies and economic activity that
5G will support." "The massive
amounts of data transmitted by Internet of things devices on 5G networks will
also advance artificial intelligence."
Lawmakers signaled they are coming to grips with the anticipated
impact. "I'm told 5G is expected to provide not only 20 times faster
network performance, but also generate 12.3 trillion [dollars] in global sales
activity by 2035," Feinstein said. "I'm told it's going to create
millions of new jobs and launch entirely new industries." With such an
impact, including a new era of ultra-connectivity, will come a need to protect
the network from foreign interference or manipulation and to guard against
espionage and data theft, according to U.S. officials.
"With all the critical services relying on 5G networks, the
stakes for safeguarding them could not be higher. A disruption to that
underlying 5G network will disrupt all of those critical services. That's why
this is so fundamentally different and so much more important that we get the
security right," Strayer said.
"When we talk about [interruptions to] 5G, we're talking
about autonomous vehicles not being able to operate," Krebs said, adding
that such a scenario constitutes "a life-safety issue where things won't
work as designed." Lawmakers focused on China, which has emerged as an
early global leader in producing 5G infrastructure. "The Chinese
government has invested more than $400 billion in development. It has supported
Chinese industry efforts in international standard-setting bodies,"
Feinstein said. She added that Chinese law requires companies like
telecommunications giant Huawei to assist and cooperate with state security
entities. "Fundamentally, the private sector in China is an extension of
the government, and so if our allies decide to trust Huawei, they are deciding
to trust the Chinese government with their big data," Sasse said.
"We are concerned that China could compel actions by [5G]
network vendors to act against the interests of our citizens or citizens of
other countries around the world," Strayer said. "They [vendors]
could be ordered to undermine network security, steal personal information or
intellectual property, conduct espionage, disrupt critical services or conduct
cyberattacks." The United States bans Chinese companies from critical
telecommunications infrastructure and has warned allies against Huawei's
participation in building their 5G networks. "We must protect our critical
telecom infrastructure, and the United States is calling on all our security
partners to be vigilant and to reject any enterprise that would compromise the
integrity of our communications technology or national security systems,"
Vice President Mike Pence said earlier this year. "Our success will depend
on engagement with international allies," Krebs said at the hearing.
"Ultimately, our goal, our vision is to enable that broader collective
defense against cybersecurity threats, where the government and industry
understand the risks we face and are prepared to defend against them."
"The United States will be a leader in 5G deployment, and
we will do so using trusted vendors to build our networks," Strayer said.
"Through our engagements, many other countries are now acknowledging the
supply-chain risks and beginning to strengthen their security alongside the
United States." A few U.S. carriers have activated initial 5G systems in
several U.S. cities. Coverage and carrier participation are expected to grow
exponentially in coming years.
May , 15, 2019
The
ban on United States companies selling parts to Huawei
will take effect on Friday, the US commerce secretary has said. Wilbur Ross
told Bloomberg news agency on Thursday that the new regulations will bar Huawei
from acquiring components and technology from US firms without government
approval. Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. and 70 affiliates are being added to the
US Commerce Department's "entity list". The move makes it difficult -
if not impossible - for the firm to sell certain products, due to reliance on
US suppliers. Ross said in a statement on Wednesday that President Donald Trump sought to "prevent American
technology from being used by foreign-owned entities in ways that potentially
undermine US national security or foreign policy interests".
The
dramatic move comes as the Trump administration has aggressively lobbied other
countries not to use Huawei equipment in next-generation 5G networks. And it
comes just days after the Trump administration imposed new tariffs on Chinese goods amid an
escalating trade war. US officials have long feared the Chinese government
could use Huawei’s equipment to spy on Americans.
Blacklisting
Huawei is likely to have ramifications beyond the company itself: Not only
might it disrupt Huawei’s business, but it could also hurt its US suppliers. A
broad US crackdown, announced on Wednesday in an executive order, was the latest shot fired in
an escalating trade war that is rattling financial markets
and threatens to derail a slowing global economy.
Officials
in China said US aggressiveness could hurt trade talks, which appeared to have
hit an impasse in the past week as Washington hiked tariffs on Chinese goods
and Beijing retaliated with higher duties on US products. Chinese Commerce
Ministry spokesman Gao Feng stressed that the US should avoid further damaging
relations. "China will take all the necessary measures to resolutely
safeguard the legitimate rights of Chinese firms," Gao told reporters.
Meanwhile,
share prices for Huawei's US suppliers fell due to fears the massive buyer of
US chips, software and other equipment would be forced to stop purchases after
the ban takes hold. Huawei said in a statement that losing access to US
suppliers "will do significant economic harm to the American
companies" and affect "tens of thousands of American jobs". Out
of $70bn that Huawei spent on component procurement in 2018, some $11bn went to
US firms including Qualcomm, Intel and Micron Technology Inc. And they could
see that revenue disappear.
"The
bigger concern would be [that] US allies that used to buy Huawei's components
may not continue businesses with Huawei, because of fear of possibly upsetting
the United States," said Doh Hyun-woo, an analyst at NH Investment &
Securities in Seoul. Huawei has spearheaded China’s campaign to develop its own
high-end technologies to reduce reliance on foreign imports, and such efforts
have taken on urgency after US sanctions on ZTE.
In
March 2016, the US Commerce Department added ZTE Corporation to the entity list
over allegations it organised an elaborate scheme to hide its re-export of US
items to sanctioned countries in violation of US law.
The
restrictions prevented suppliers from providing ZTE with US equipment,
potentially freezing the Huawei rival's supply chain, but they were
short-lived. The US suspended the restrictions in a series of temporary
reprieves, allowing the company to maintain ties to US suppliers until it
agreed to a plea deal a year later. In August, Trump signed a bill that barred
the US government itself from using equipment from Huawei and ZTE.
On Wednesday, President Donald Trump signed the following executive order, entitled “Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain.”
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code,I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, find that foreign adversaries are increasingly creating and exploiting vulnerabilities in information and communications technology and services, which store and communicate vast amounts of sensitive information, facilitate the digital economy, and support critical infrastructure and vital emergency services, in order to commit malicious cyber-enabled actions, including economic and industrial espionage against the United States and its people. I further find that the unrestricted acquisition or use in the United States of information and communications technology or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of foreign adversaries augments the ability of foreign adversaries to create and exploit vulnerabilities in information and communications technology or services, with potentially catastrophic effects, and thereby constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. This threat exists both in the case of individual acquisitions or uses of such technology or services, and when acquisitions or uses of such technologies are considered as a class. Although maintaining an open investment climate in information and communications technology, and in the United States economy more generally, is important for the overall growth and prosperity of the United States, such openness must be balanced by the need to protect our country against critical national security threats. To deal with this threat, additional steps are required to protect the security, integrity, and reliability of information and communications technology and services provided and used in the United States. In light of these findings, I hereby declare a national emergency with respect to this threat.Accordingly, it is hereby ordered as follows:Section 1. Implementation. (a) The following actions are prohibited: any acquisition, importation, transfer, installation, dealing in, or use of any information and communications technology or service (transaction) by any person, or with respect to any property, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, where the transaction involves any property in which any foreign country or a national thereof has any interest (including through an interest in a contract for the provision of the technology or service), where the transaction was initiated, is pending, or will be completed after the date of this order, and where the Secretary of Commerce (Secretary), in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the United States Trade Representative, the Director of National Intelligence, the Administrator of General Services, the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, and, as appropriate, the heads of other executive departments and agencies (agencies), has determined that:(i) the transaction involves information and communications technology or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied, by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a foreign adversary; and(ii) the transaction:(A) poses an undue risk of sabotage to or subversion of the design, integrity, manufacturing, production, distribution, installation, operation, or maintenance of information and communications technology or services in the United States;(B) poses an undue risk of catastrophic effects on the security or resiliency of United States critical infrastructure or the digital economy of the United States; or(C) otherwise poses an unacceptable risk to the national security of the United States or the security and safety of United States persons.(b) The Secretary, in consultation with the heads of other agencies as appropriate, may at the Secretary’s discretion design or negotiate measures to mitigate concerns identified under section 1(a) of this order. Such measures may serve as a precondition to the approval of a transaction or of a class of transactions that would otherwise be prohibited pursuant to this order.(c) The prohibitions in subsection (a) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the effective date of this order.Sec. 2. Authorities. (a) The Secretary, in consultation with, or upon referral of a particular transaction from, the heads of other agencies as appropriate, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including directing the timing and manner of the cessation of transactions prohibited pursuant to section 1 of this order, adopting appropriate rules and regulations, and employing all other powers granted to the President by IEEPA, as may be necessary to implement this order. All agencies of the United States Government are directed to take all appropriate measures within their authority to carry out the provisions of this order.(b) Rules and regulations issued pursuant to this order may, among other things, determine that particular countries or persons are foreign adversaries for the purposes of this order; identify persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of foreign adversaries for the purposes of this order; identify particular technologies or countries with respect to which transactions involving information and communications technology or services warrant particular scrutiny under the provisions of this order; establish procedures to license transactions otherwise prohibited pursuant to this order; establish criteria, consistent with section 1 of this order, by which particular technologies or particular participants in the market for information and communications technology or services may be recognized as categorically included in or as categorically excluded from the prohibitions established by this order; and identify a mechanism and relevant factors for the negotiation of agreements to mitigate concerns raised in connection with subsection 1(a) of this order. Within 150 days of the date of this order, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the United States Trade Representative, the Director of National Intelligence, the Administrator of General Services, the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission and, as appropriate, the heads of other agencies, shall publish rules or regulations implementing the authorities delegated to the Secretary by this order.(c) The Secretary may, consistent with applicable law, redelegate any of the authorities conferred on the Secretary pursuant to this section within the Department of Commerce.Sec. 3. Definitions. For purposes of this order:(a)the term “entity” means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization;(b)the term “foreign adversary” means any foreign government or foreign non-government person engaged in a long‑term pattern or serious instances of conduct significantly adverse to the national security of the United States or security and safety of United States persons;(c)the term “information and communications technology or services” means any hardware, software, or other product or service primarily intended to fulfill or enable the function of information or data processing, storage, retrieval, or communication by electronic means, including transmission, storage, and display;(d)the term “person” means an individual or entity; and(e)the term “United States person” means any United States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States.Sec. 4. Recurring and Final Reports to the Congress. The Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to submit recurring and final reports to the Congress on the national emergency declared in this order, consistent with section 401(c) of the NEA (50 U.S.C. 1641(c)) and section 204(c) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1703(c)).Sec. 5. Assessments and Reports. (a) The Director of National Intelligence shall continue to assess threats to the United States and its people from information and communications technology or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a foreign adversary. The Director of National Intelligence shall produce periodic written assessments of these threats in consultation with the heads of relevant agencies, and shall provide these assessments to the President, the Secretary for the Secretary’s use in connection with his responsibilities pursuant to this order, and the heads of other agencies as appropriate. An initial assessment shall be completed within 40 days of the date of this order, and further assessments shall be completed at least annually, and shall include analysis of:(i) threats enabled by information and communications technologies or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a foreign adversary; and(ii) threats to the United States Government, United States critical infrastructure, and United States entities from information and communications technologies or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the influence of a foreign adversary.(b)The Secretary of Homeland Security shall continue to assess and identify entities, hardware, software, and services that present vulnerabilities in the United States and that pose the greatest potential consequences to the national security of the United States.The Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with sector-specific agencies and coordinating councils as appropriate, shall produce a written assessment within 80 days of the date of this order, and annually thereafter.This assessment shall include an evaluation of hardware, software, or services that are relied upon by multiple information and communications technology or service providers, including the communication services relied upon by critical infrastructure entities identified pursuant to section 9 of Executive Order 13636 of February 12, 2013 (Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity).(c) Within 1 year of the date of this order, and annually thereafter, the Secretary, in consultation as appropriate with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the United States Trade Representative, the Director of National Intelligence, and the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, shall assess and report to the President whether the actions taken by the Secretary pursuant to this order are sufficient and continue to be necessary to mitigate the risks identified in, and pursuant to, this order.Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE,
May 15, 2019.