Showing posts with label Sikkim. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Sikkim. Show all posts

Saturday, December 29, 2018

Indian Imperialism: India the bully of South Asia (JR110)


















src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js">


Indian Imperialism: India the bully of South Asia (JR110)
Introduction
Successive regimes have considered the neighborhood as an irritant and challenge, not an opportunity. Seldom have India’s policies displayed a sense of belonging to the region or a desire to work with the neighborhood for greater integration and cooperation. India considers itself as the successor of the British Raj and therefore the Indian Foreign Policy assigns a role to India to control the neighboring countries. India has a self assigned role of a policeman of South Asia which keeps dictating to the countries which are   its neighbors. This is presented as the principle of “non reciprocity“, which acknowledges India's huge size relative to other South Asian nations and concludes that it needs to do more than just seek quid pro quo from them. Some form of this has existed for long, most notably in the so-called Gujral doctrine (It is a set of five principles to guide the conduct of foreign relations with India's immediate neighbors as spelt out by I.K.Gujral, first as India's foreign minister and later as the prime minister. Among other factors, these five principles arise from the belief that India's stature and strength cannot be divorced from the quality of its relations with its neighbors.) of the late nineties


The regional strong man mentality resulted in the fact that the only country in the world, other than Israel, to have acquired land through conflict or intimidation after the end of World War 2 is India. Israel has at least the flimsy excuse that in some of their conflicts with the Arabs they pre-empted imminent aggression and thus were not the aggressor per se. In the South Asian sub-continent, India has openly coveted (and/or made designs to take possession thereof) before actually annexing their neighbor or their prime real estate. In every incident of aggression, care was taken to garb the nakedly expansionist moves under some camouflage or the other.

Indian aggression post partition
Indian aggression commenced immediately after achieving freedom. The first to fall into India's grip was Kashmir; the legal subterfuge used was the Maharaja's Letter of Accession. This was followed by military intervention to annex Hyderabad, Junagadh and Manawadar in 1948. In 1960 it was the turn of the Portuguese possessions of Goa, Daman and Diu in a farcical war. The smaller princely States of India were just taken over lock, stock and barrel at the appropriate time, in most cases this was accompanied by a considerable loss of life and assets by mainly the Muslims. There were, however, some states over which problems arose, primarily because of India's insatiable desire to grab territory. For example, the Muslim ruler of Junagarh, a state with a Hindu majority population, announced his decision to join Pakistan. India responded by aiding and abetting the establishment of a so-called "Provisional Government" of Junagarh on Indian territory, which attacked Junagarh with Indian connivance and support. Subsequently Indian forces also invaded Junagarh, despite protests from Pakistan, in order to "restore law and order". A farcical plebiscite was organized under Indian auspices, and India annexed Junagarh. Similarly, in Hyderabad, a Hindu majority state, the Muslim ruler of the state wanted to retain an independent status. India responded by attacking Hyderabad and annexed the state by force. India sought to justify its aggression against Hyderabad and Junagarh on the plea that the rulers of Junagarh and Hyderabad were acting against the wishes of their people.


RAW: An Instrument of Indian Imperialism   
 As the world started to look askance at naked aggression, India turned increasingly to subterfuge. In 1968 they formed the Research and Analytical Wing (RAW) whose main purpose at that time was to organize covert operations in Bangladesh, in this they were actively supported by the Border Security Forces (BSF) whose Deputy Director General (DDG), in this case Brig Pande, was based at Calcutta with an alternate HQs in 91 BSF at Agartala for operational purposes. With the creation of RAW, India turned from naked aggression to sophistication in the pursuit of its ambitions. RAW became involved in covert operations in all the peripheral countries around India. While RAW's role in the creation of Bangladesh did not get much attention, its operatives were in constant contact with hard-core India sympathizers within Awami League (AL) such as Tajuddin, Nazrul Islam, etc. Through these surrogates RAW maintained pressure on Sheikh Mujibur Rehman whenever he started weakening in his anti-Pakistan stance. After 1971, RAW retained its interest in Bangladesh, raising a parallel military organisation loyal to AL (and India) known as the Rakhi Bahini headed by Brig Nuruzzaman. As a Captain of the Pakistan Army, Nuruzzaman had undergone trial for treason in the famous Agartala Conspiracy Case. Though they were better armed and organised than the Bangladesh Armed Forces, the Rakhi Bahini was easily disarmed and demobilised by the Bangladesh Army post-Mujib. RAW agents have since become a permanent factor for destabilisation in Bangladesh, having subverted the loyalties of a large segment of the Hindu population. After Sheikh Mujib was assassinated, they re-created the 1971 vintage Kader Bahini led by the infamous Kader Siddiqui who operated from Indian territory from 1975 to 1985 and constantly troubled the Zia Regime (and later the Ershad regime) with many instances of terrorism. Today India sustains the Chakma revolt against Bangladesh in the Chittagong Hill Tracts by supporting the Shanti Bahini which makes cross border raids from training and logistics camps in the Indian Tripura State at Amarpur, Sabroom and opposite Baghban-Tilla.
The Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), created in 1968, and has assumed a significant status in the formulation of India's domestic and foreign policies, particularly the later. Working directly under the Prime Minister, it has over the years become and effective instrument of India's national power. In consonance with Kautilya's precepts, RAW's espionage doctrine is based on the principle of waging a continuous series of battles of intrigues and secret wars.
RAW emerges as the only presently functioning instrument of wide scale application of State terrorism. This is no rogue operation planned by some idealistic nuts running wild; this is a deliberate implementation of the policy of the Indian Government to annex and occupy neighboring countries or to browbeat them into accepting Indian hegemony. That RAW takes the initiative to sow anarchy and disorder puts it in a murderous class of its own.
 Credit must go to Indira Gandhi who in the late 1970s gave RAW a changed and much more dynamic role. To suit her much publicized Indira Doctrine, (actually India Doctrine) Mrs. Gandhi specifically asked RAW to create a powerful organ within the organization which could undertake covert operations in neighboring countries. It is this capability that makes RAW a more fearsome agency than its superior KGB, CIA, MI-6, BND and the Mossad.
Its internal role is confined only in monitoring events having bearing on the external threat. RAW's boss works directly under the Prime Minister. An Additional Secretary to the Government of India, under the Director RAW, is responsible for the Office of Special Operations (OSO), intelligence collected from different countries, internal security (under the Director General of Security), the electronic/technical section and general administration. The Additional Secretary as well as the Director General of Security is also under the Director of RAW. DG Security has two important sections: the Aviation Research Center (ARC) and the Special Services Bureau (SSB). The joint Director has specified desks with different regional divisions/areas (countries):
RAW priorities are: Pakistan;  China and South East Asia: the Middle East and Africa: and  other countries. Aviation Research Center (ARC) is responsible for interception, monitoring and jamming of target country's communication systems. It has the most sophisticated electronic equipment and also a substantial number of aircraft equipped with state-of- the art eavesdropping devices. ARC was strengthened in mid-1987 by the addition of three new aircraft, the Gulf Stream-3. These aircraft can reportedly fly at an altitude of 52,000 ft and has an operating range of 5000 km. ARC also controls a number of radar stations located close to India's borders. Its aircraft also carry out oblique reconnaissance, along the border with Bangladesh, China, Nepal and Pakistan.
RAW having been given a virtual carte blanche to conduct destabilization operations in neighboring countries inimical to India RAW seriously undertook restructuring of its organization accordingly. RAW was given a list of seven countries (Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Pakistan and Maldives) whom India considered its principal regional protagonists. It very soon systematically and brilliantly crafted covert operations in all these countries to coerce, destabilize and subvert them in consonance with the foreign policy objectives of the Indian Government.
RAW's operations against the regional countries were conducted with great professional skill and expertise. Central to the operations was the establishment of a huge network inside the target countries. It used and targeted political dissent, ethnic divisions, economic backwardness and criminal elements within these states to foment subversion, terrorism and sabotage.  RAW created the conducive environments, RAW stage-managed future events in these countries in such a way that military intervention appears a natural concomitant of events. In most cases, RAW's hand remained hidden, but more often that not target countries soon began unearthing those "hidden hand". A brief expose of RAW's operations in neighboring countries would reveal the full expanse of its regional ambitions to suit India Doctrine (Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled by M K Dhar. Manas Publications, New Delhi, 2005).

Jain Commission Report
 The Jain Commission Report for the Indian government has confirmed that the Indian intelligence services Research & Analysis Wing (RAW) has been fomenting violence to destabilize within the domestic politics of the South Asian Countries. When examining the political behavior of the countries like Sri Lanka, BanglaDesh, Nepal, Pakistan and other states, it appears to be more militant much violent on the canvas of South Asia. In the back ground of all the evils the face of the RAW appears like a monster which feeds on to nothing but the human blood. A senior leader of the opposition Bharatiya Janatha Party (BJP) has alleged the ruling Congress Party that RAW had nurtured the abhorrent Liberation Tigers of Eelam (LTTE) to destabilize Sri Lanka. For nefarious acts the LTTE’s were funded and equipped with arms by the government of India, said Venkiah Naidu the former president of the opposition party, in a statement while adding, the Congress Party is totally connected to all the terrorist activities being conducted in and around the sub continent. Sri Lanka having multi-sectarian population happened to be a peaceful country up to the mid seventies as in and outside it sang the song together with India. But the trouble began in 1977 when Sri Lanka extended arms to host United States and stood against the illogical demand of India to oust all the foreign naval forces from the Indian Ocean. Pakistan has never forgotten its benefactor Sri Lanka who allowed in 1971 war the landing and fuelling facilities to Pakistan. Pakistan herself has been the victim of militancy forged by India & fully understands the role assigned to LTTE by RAW is to destabilize a peaceful country thus compelling Sri Lanka to bow to the dictates of India. RAW has never left an opportunity to propagate negatively and unfold the friendship knot exists between the two countries i.e. Pak-Sri Lanka brother hood which is much stronger than Himalaya & more sacred than Ganges. The tactics used by India is first to establish a group of terrorists against a country which is funded, supported with arms, trained, dispatched to terrorize the targeted country like the LTTE in Sri Lanka and then compel her to yell for help from India. Recently the Sri Lankan got outraged at the Indian national security advisor’s bluster that for their defence needs they can look only to India and cannot go to China, Pakistan or anyone else. And the beauty is the Sri Lanka was not only refrained by India to purchase sophisticated weapons for its safety but also this would remain the prerogative of India to decide what categories of weapons be given to Sri Lanka. It has been learnt through reliable sources that when India tried to sell out its weapons to Sri Lanka to fight back her illegitimate son the “LTTE”, simultaneously RAW ferried sophisticated weapons to her brother the “LTTE” to various sanctuaries existed across the border, to gun down the Sri Lankan Army. Sri Lanka also allowed installation of high powered transmitter by Voice of America (VOA) on its territory, which was resented by India. It also permitted Israel to establish a nominal presence of its intelligence training set up. It was due to such very irritants in the Indo-Sri Lanka relationship that Mrs. Indira Gandhi decided to bring Sri Lanka in to fold of the so called Indira Doctrine (India Doctrine). Kao the chief of the RAW was told by Gandhi to repeat the episode of Bangladesh. That’s how the mother India gave birth to an illegitimate son the “LTTE” exactly on the lines of Mukti Bahini to piecemeal the peace of Sri Lanka. Accordingly for the LTTE, the training camps at places like Gunda & Gorakhpur were set up. Sri Lanka was forced in to Indian power web when Indo - Sri Lanka Accord of 1987 was signed & Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in light of the same landed in Sri Lanka. This Indian adventure killed 60,000 men, women & children of the innocent Sri Lankan and situation prevailing at that time compelled Indian forces to withdraw to her own territory. The price has been quite high for the Sri Lanka & is still continuing to pay the same for this Indian initiated & RAW inspired polarised conflict. The former Indian High Commissioner in Sri Lanka, J.N.Dixit even accused RAW of having given Rs. Five crore to the LTTE as a token of reward for carrying out subversive activities in Sri Lanka.

Bangladesh
Indian intelligence agencies were involved in the former East Pakistan, now Bangladesh since early 1960s. Its operatives were in touch with Sheikh Mujib for quite some time. Sheikh Mujib went to Agartala in 1965. The famous Agartala case was unearthed in 1967. In fact, the main purpose of rising RAW in 1968 was to organize covert operations in Bangladesh. As early as in 1968, RAW was given a green signal to begin mobilizing all its resources for the impending intervention in   East Pakistan. When in July 1971 General Manekshaw told Prime Minister Indira Gandhi that the army would not be ready till December to intervene in Bangladesh, she quickly turned to RAW for help. RAW was ready. Its officers used Bengali refugees to set up Mukti Bahini.  Using this outfit as a cover, Indian military, sneaked deep into Bangladesh. The story of Mukti Bahini and RAW's role in its creation and training is now well-known. RAW never concealed its Bangladesh operations.
Interested readers may have details in Asoka Raina's Inside RAW: the story of India's secret service published by Vikas Publishing House of New Delhi. The creation of Bangladesh was masterminded by RAW in complicity with KGB under the covert clauses of Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation (adopted as 25-year Indo-Bangladesh Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation in 1972).
RAW retained a keen interest in Bangladesh even after its independence. Mr. Subramaniam Swamy, Janata Dal MP, a close associate of Morarji Desai said that Rameswar Nath Kao, former Chief of RAW, and Shankaran Nair upset about Sheikh Mujib's assassination chalked a plot to kill General Ziaur Rahman. However, when Morarji Desai came into power in 1977 he was indignant at RAW's role in Bangladesh and ordered operations in Bangladesh to be called off; but by then RAW had already gone too far. General Zia continued to be in power for quite some time but he was assassinated after Indira Gandhi returned to power, though she denied her involvement in his assassination( Weekly Sunday,Calcutta,18 September, 1988).
RAW was involved in training of Chakma tribal’s and Shanti Bahini who carry out subversive activities in Bangladesh. It has also unleashed a well-organized plan of psychological warfare, creation of polarization among the armed forces, propaganda by false allegations of use of Bangladesh territory by ISI, creation of dissension's among the political parties and religious sects, control of media, denial of river waters, and propping up a host of disputes in order to keep Bangladesh under a constant political and socio-economic pressure ( " RAW and Bangladesh" by Mohammad Zainal Abedin, November 1995, RAW In Bangladesh: Portrait of an Aggressive Intelligence, written and published by Abu Rushd, Dhaka).

Sikkim  
Sikkim was the easiest and most docile prey for RAW. Indira Gandhi annexed the Kingdom of Sikkim in mid-1970s, to be an integral part of India. The deposed King Chogyal Tenzig Wangehuck was closely followed by RAW's agents until his death in 1992. Westerners were captivated by the marriage of the American Ms Hope Cooke with the ruler of the Himalayan kingdom of Sikkim in the early 60s. Set in a fairytale Shangri-La atmosphere Sikkim became known as one of free world's remaining ancient monarchies. But trouble incited by RAW was brewing from 1973 onwards. RAW planted agents in Gangtok, Mangain, Namchi and Gyalshing for cultivating sympathizers who would fan disturbances against the reigning monarch and would then 'request' for Indian help against the 'despot'. Just in case the anti-monarchist ploy did not work, RAW was ready with operational data required for military intervention. On 20 April 1975, the once friendly and peaceful kingdom of Sikkim became a possession of India
Bhutan
Bhutan is a land-locked country, totally dependent on India. RAW has developed links with members of the royal family as well as top bureaucrats to implements its policies. It has cultivated its agents amongst Nepalese settlers and is in a position to create difficulties for the Government of Bhutan. In fact, the King of Bhutan has been reduced to the position of merely acquiescing into New Delhi's decisions and go by its dictates in the international arena.   Bhuttan's Jigme Wangchuk of the adjacent Himalayan Kingdom  does not strain too much at the leash and studiously toes the Indian line, realizing that his situation is probably more untenable than his once-upon-a-time Sikkim counterpart. Nominally, he remains, along with the Maldives, as showpiece independent nations and the only ones on India's periphery 'without' problems with India. Just in case that he should ever dream otherwise, the Kingdom is prone to inspired pro-India riots from time to time. This domino will fall eventually or may not depending upon whether the Indians want to keep the showpiece going
Recent events include the Doklam standoff between China and Indian troops who claim to be acting in behalf of Bhutan. That confrontation has exacerbated Thimphu’s concerns about getting sucked into a Sino-Indian conflict. Bhutanese elites, and increasingly the public, believe they should settle their border with China, not tack a settlement onto India’s more intractable dispute. Beijing has offered Thimphu a strategic swap, in which China would concede to Bhutan disputed territory in the north, in exchange for Doklam. New Delhi, however, firmly discourages conceding Doklam to China.
Ever since the Doklam standoff, Bhutan has become crucial for Indian adventurism. In the recently held elections, Bhutanese media and society gave a strong impression that “India is an Elephant in the Room”. Although, all political parties had agreed before the election campaigning that they would not ‘politicise’ sensitive issues like foreign policy, but the “India factor” dominated the polls with rival parties defaming each other on “Indo-Bhutan relations”.
The Indian establishment is, however, worried over the first round defeat of the outgoing ruling party PDP (a pro-India party) and rise of DPT (considered as pro-China party winning 17 seats). The paradox is that while India thinks it is ‘protecting’ Bhutan from the Chinese with its imposing military presence, the Bhutanese want not to be involved in the Sino-Indian rivalry in any way. Bhutan also wants to establish direct diplomatic relations with other countries – a job that is now being done by the Bhutanese embassy in New Delhi – but such a move is strongly disliked by Indian establishment.


Sri Lanka
Post- independence Sri Lanka, inspire of having a multi-sectoral population was a peaceful country till 1971 and was following independent foreign policy. During 1971 Indo-Pakistan war despite of heavy pressure from India, Sri Lanka allowed Pakistan's civil and military aircraft and ships to stage through its air and sea ports with unhindered re-fueling facilities. It also had permitted Israel to establish a nominal presence of its intelligence training set up. It permitted the installation of high powered transmitter by Voice of America (VOA) on its territory, which was resented by India. More recently Sri Lanka has invited Chinese investment in a port and other infrastructure projects
It was because of these 'irritants' in the Indo-Sri Lanka relations that Mrs Indira Gandhi planned to bring Sri Lanka into the fold of the so-called Indira Doctrine (India Doctrine) Kao was told by Gandhi to repeat their Bangladesh success. RAW went looking for militants it could train to destabilize the regime. Camps were set up in Tamil Nadu and old RAW guerrillas trainers were dug out of retirement. RAW began arming the Tamil Tigers and training them at centers such as Gunda and Gorakhpur. As a sequel to this ploy, Sri Lanka was forced into Indian power-web when Indo-Sri Lanka Accord of 1987 was singed and Indian Peace-Keeping-Force (IPKF) landed in Sri Lanka.
The Ministry of External Affairs was also upset at RAW's role in Sri Lanka as they felt that RAW was still continuing negotiations with the Tamil Tiger leader Parabhakran in contravention to the Indian government's foreign policy. According to R Swaminathan, (former Special Secretary of RAW) it was this outfit which was used as the intermediary between Rajib Gandhi and Tamil leader Parabhakaran. The former Indian High Commissioner in Sri Lanka, J.N. Dixit even accused RAW of having given Rs. five corore to the LTTE. At a later stage, RAW built up the EPRLF and ENDLF to fight against the LTTE which turned the situation in Sri Lanka highly volatile and uncertain later on.
The paradise that once was Sri Lanka is a case of the full force of application of the so-called Indira Doctrine that this whole region is an area of unrestricted Indian influence. The former Chief of RAW, Kao, was mandated by Indira Gandhi to repeat the Bangladesh story and bring the Sri Lankans into line. RAW was given a free hand to destabilize the island republic, a country so at peace with itself and its neighbors that it had a maximum of only two or three active military units (less than 5,000 men under arms). The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ramachandra, gave his consent to RAW setting up Tamil rebel camps at Ganda and Gorakhpur. Tamils were trained to bring about an armed rebellion to carve a Tamil State out of the predominantly Sinhalese island. Of the many groups that RAW trained, the most deadly were the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE) led by Prabhakaran, which murderously targeted the other fellow ethnic Tamil Groups in addition to bringing unrestrained terror to the Sinhalese majority in the island. The full face of terrorism was unleashed in the cities with car bombs, assassinations etc. killing and maiming thousands before the Sri Lankan Armed Forces could re-organise themselves and assert the rule of the law. With their LTTE allies ultimately besieged in the North and North East, the Indians gave the Sri Lankans an ultimatum to stop their offensive and virtually at the point of gun signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in 1987. Indian forces started landing in Sri Lanka as the Indian Peace-Keeping Force (IPKF) to 'enforce' the peace even before the Accord was signed. This was Pax India-na at its most blatant. As often happens in a Client Patron relationship, the Tamil Tigers refused to fall into line with their Indian masters and the IPKF started to sustain heavy casualties from their former allies. The Indian Army blamed RAW for not providing accurate information about the former RAW proteges. The IPKF inadequacy in dealing with the LTTE became a debacle that forced the Indians to withdraw from Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan paradise that once was had now became Hell on Earth, the fighting between the now 3-4 division strength Sri Lanka Armed Forces (over 100,000 men under arms) and the Tamil Tigers goes bloodily on without quarter given or taken. As a revenge for having caused innumerable casualties and horrific damage, the Tamil tigers targeted the man who had mandated the IPKF to establish Pax-India-na in Sri Lanka, Rajiv Gandhi. In a classic Tamil Tiger operation, RAW trained operative assassinated Rajiv Gandhi, the blood cycle had come a complete circle. This is second time around that it had happened in the same family, the first being the gunning down of Rajiv's mother by Sikh Bodyguards in the wake of the storming of the Golden Temple at Amritsar and the killing of Bhindranewala and his close associates. Bhindranewala shot into fame from obscurity as a protege of late Sanjay Gandhi, Indira Gandhi's younger son, who mandated RAW to support his feud. As a sequel to Rajiv's assassination India closed down all camps and suspended the free movement of Tamils (now mostly supporter of LTTE) with India, one may well ask, if this is not an instance of an open display of export of State terrorism, what is? Unfortunately for India, the Tamils have plenty of sympathisers in Tamil Nadu and the problems persist, having come home to roost.
Recently ex President of Sri Lankan President Sirisena  made the claim of an assassination plot by RAW, just days before Ranil Wickremesinghe was scheduled to visit New Delhi. In her most recent article for the Hindu, the Colombo correspondent of The Hindu Ms Srinivasan has reported that the Sri Lankan authorities are seeking “Chinese assistance to tap evidence pertaining to the assassination plot”. This was not the first time that a Sri Lankan leader has accused RAW of interference. Mahinda Rajapaksa had held RAW among those responsible for the change in regime following his defeat in 2015.

Maldives
Under a well-orchestrated RAW plan, on November 30 1988 a 300 to 400-strong well trained force of mercenaries, armed with automatic weapons, initially said to be of unknown origin, infiltrated in boats and stormed the capital of Maldives. They resorted to indiscriminate shooting and took high-level government officials as hostages. At the Presidential Palace, the small contingent of loyal national guards offered stiff resistance, which enabled President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom to shift to a safe place from where he issued urgent appeals for help from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Britain and the United States.
The Indian Prime Ministe Rajiv Gandhi reacted promptly and about 1600 combat troops belonging to 50 Independent Para-Brigade in conjunction with Indian Naval units landed at Male under the code-name Operation Cactus. A number of IAF transport aircraft, escorted by fighters, were used for landing personnel, heavy equipment and supplies. Within hours of landing, the Indian troops flushed out the attackers form the streets and hideouts. Some of them surrendered to Indian troops, and many were captured by Indian Naval units while trying to escape along with their hostages in a Maldivian ship, Progress Light. Most of the 30 hostages including Ahmed Majtaba, Maldives Minister of Transport, were released. The Indian Government announced the success of the Operation Cactus and complimented the armed forces for a good job done.
The Indian Defense Minister while addressing IAF personnel at Bangalore claimed that the country's prestige has gone high because of the peace-keeping role played by the Indian forces in Maldives. The International Community in general and the South Asian states in particular, however, viewed with suspicious the over-all concept and motives of the operation. The western media described it as a display of newly-acquired military muscle by India and its growing role as a regional police. Although the apparent identification of the two Maldivian nationals could be a sufficient reason, at its face value, to link it with the previous such attempts by the mercenaries, yet other converging factors, indicative of involvement of external hand, could hardly be ignored. Sailing of the mercenaries from Manar and Kankasanturai in Sri Lanka, which were in complete control of IPKF, and the timing and speed of the Indian intervention proved their involvement beyond any doubt.
The operation conducted on Nov 30, 1988; by RAW in MALDIVES is a role model for the World & especially for the South Asian countries. When the Indian forces got bogged in Sri Lanka, RAW created a ludicrous drama in the Maldives. Terrorists belonging to the RAW – funded Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) staged an attack on Male, which resorted to indiscriminate shooting and took high level government officials as hostages. The situation forced the President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom to shift to a safe place, where he according to the plan of RAW issued urgent appeals for help from India. The Indian Prime Minister reacted promptly and dispatched about 1600 combat troops coupled with Indian Naval Units escorted by fighter aircrafts to conduct the Operation-Cactus, which met success effortlessly. The whole drama ended with in 24 hours. However, no one at home or abroad was deceived by this RAW engineered drama. What a comedian tragedy it is that India plays with the fate of small nations in the funniest & deceitful manner.
The Indian Ocean farce where 200 Tamil mercenaries from the Ealam Peoples Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF - another creation of RAW) were employed to stage a coup against Maldives President Mamoon Abdul Gayoom is a case in point. President Gayoom was prompted to ask for Indian help for rescuing his government. Anybody with scant knowledge of aircraft, ships and logistics would have worked out that the Indian forces were dispatched to the rescue much before the coup was even attempted. A grateful Gayoom has given Indian forces a major foothold deep in the Indian Ocean, a solid land based aircraft carrier for dominating the oceanic area figuring in the designs of India hegemony. More recently the present Sri Lankan President had protested against the Indian intervention in the elections to install a government its choice.

Nepal
Ever since the partition of the sub-continent India has been openly meddling in Nepal's internal affairs by contriving internal strife and conflicts through RAW to destabilize the successive legitimate governments and prop up puppet regimes which would be more amenable Indian machinations. Armed insurrections were sponsored and abetted by RAW and later requests for military assistance to control these were managed through pro-India leaders. India has been aiding and inciting the Nepalese dissidents to collaborate with the Nepali Congress. For this they were supplied arms whenever the King or the Nepalese Government appeared to be drifting away from the Indian dictates and impinging on Indian hegemonic designs in the region.
India too played a defining role in the launching of Nepal’s insurgency. While Maoists did criticize India’s intervention in Nepal at the beginning of the insurgency, the criticism was only verbal. There was suspicion that India’s ties with Maoists caused them to remain silent after Indian troop placement at the India-Nepal border in 1996 led to a 1998 border dispute. While this dispute was heightened by the political elites in Kathmandu, the Maoists were explicitly absent from the conversation. According to Puskar Gautam, a former Maoist who abandoned the insurgency, “India might have expected more from the Nepali democrats on the basis that Nepal’s democratic and communist movements were made possible only thanks to India’s support. However, its expectations may not have been met in the new political scenario that emerged after 1990, hence it may have decided to use the Maoists as a bargaining tool.” Additionally, while there were multiple reports of Nepalese Maoist leaders meeting Maoists in India, they were overlooked by Indian intelligence agencies, despite many of the Nepalis being on Nepal’s terrorism list.

In fact, under the garb of the so-called democratization measures, the Maoists were actively encouraged to collect arms to resort to open rebellion against the legitimate Nepalese governments. The contrived rebellions provided India an opportunity to intervene militarily in Nepal, ostensibly to control the insurrections which were masterminded by the RAW itself. It was an active replay of the Indian performance in Sri Lanka and Maldives a few years earlier. RAW is particularly aiding the people of the Indian-origin and has been providing them with arms and ammunition. RAW has also infiltrated the ethnic Nepali refugees who have been extradited by Bhutan and have taken refuge in the eastern Nepal. RAW can exploit its links with these refugees in either that are against the Indian interest. Besides the Nepalese economy is totally controlled by the Indian money lenders, financiers and business mafia ( RAW's Machination In South Asia by Shastra Dutta Pant, Kathmandu, 2003).
 India has been openly meddling in Nepal’s internal affairs by contriving internal strife and conflicts through RAW to destabilize the successive legitimate governments & prop up puppet regimes which would be more amenable Indian mechanization. Armed insurrections were sponsored and abetted by RAW and later requests for military assistance to control these were managed through pro-India leaders. India has been aiding & inciting the Nepalese to collaborate with the Nepali Congress. For this they were supplied arms whenever the king or the Nepalese Government appeared to be drifting away from the Indian dictates & impinging on Indian hegemonic designs in the region. In fact under the garb of democratization process, the Maoists were actively encouraged by the RAW to collect arms to resort to open rebellion against the legitimate Nepalese governments. The contrived rebellions provided India an opportunity to intervene militarily in Nepal, ostensibly to control the insurrections which were the brain child of the RAW. RAW is particularly aiding the people of the Indian-origin who have been made settled in Nepal and recently have acquired the right of citizenship are also being provided arms and ammunition to look after the vested interests of India. RAW has also infiltrated in the ethnic Nepali refugees who have been extradited by Bhutan and have taken refuge in the eastern part of Nepal. RAW can easily exploit its links with these refugees to create turbulence in Nepal if the situation clashes with the Indian interests. Besides this the total economy of Nepal is being controlled by Indian money lenders, financiers & business tycoons in Nepal.
Nepal is the only Hindu Kingdom in the world. King Bhirendhra ran afoul of India because of his independent stance on regional policies. Previously known as an annex of India, Nepal opened out to the world in the late 70s and early 80s. RAW was mandated by the Indian Government to bring Nepal into line. The first set was that India used a pretext to halt all supplies of food, medicine, oil etc. from going to this land-locked country. In the meantime RAW agents fanned out among anti-monarchist elements and as the economic blockade took hold, riots broke out all over Nepal escalating into full fledged political confrontation between the monarchy and the electorate. Acts of terrorism, including the explosions of bombs, sabotage of installations, attacks on prominent personalities, etc. proliferated. Faced with the possibility of large-scale anarchy and even take-over by India on the Sri Lanka pattern, the King opted to become a constitutional monarch and a 'friendly' government came to power in Nepal. This was a blatant interference in the internal affairs of another nation; RAW was used as the terror weapon.
Recent irritants are the result of the fact that Nepal signed an additional protocol on transit with China, which would give the country an access to Chinese ports. It is legitimate for any country, especially for a landlocked one, to seek to diversify its options. But the fact that this happened within an overall context of China’s increased political and economic presence in Nepal raised eyebrows in New Delhi. Second, Nepal — after having signed on to a joint military exercise of Bimstec, which kicked off in Pune — pulled out because of an internal political criticism. An upset New Delhi told Kathmandu that this was not appropriate and has put the grouping in an embarrassing position
Nepal's adoption of a new federal constitution in 2015 led to a souring of ties with its giant neighbor India. The document defined the majority Hindu nation as a secular republic divided into seven federal provinces. Although Delhi was one of the major backers of the process over the past decade, it believed the new constitution was not broad-based and ws concerned that it could spur violence which could spill over into its own territory.  Just a couple of days before the constitution was formally adopted (but after it had been passed by the Constituent Assembly) India's top diplomat was sent to Kathmandu at the behest of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Foreign Secretary S Jaishankar held discussions with Nepal's president and prime minister and leaders of all the major political parties including those who had opposed the constitution in its current form.

In 2017, the Left Front of Mr Oli and Mr Prachanda won the Nepal polls on a strong nationalist platform — with the declared intent of redefining the “special relationship” with India, which meant diminishing ties with India, but deepening it with China. "Oli’s fundamentals — skepticism of India, willingness to cater to the ultra-nationalist sentiments at home, and desire to deepen ties with China — remain the same


Afghanistan
Since December 1979, throughout Afghan War, KGB, KHAD (WAD) (former Afghan intelligence outfit) and RAW stepped up their efforts to concentrate on influencing and covert exploitation of the tribes on both sides of the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. There was intimate co-ordination between the three intelligence agencies not only in Afghanistan but in destabilization of Pakistan through subversion and sabotage plan related to Afghan refugees and mujahideen, the tribal belt and inside Pakistan. They jointly organized spotting and recruitment of hostile tribesmen and their training in guerrilla warfare, infiltration, subversion, sabotage and establishment of saboteur force/terrorist organizations in the pro-Afghan tribes of Pakistan in order to carry out bomb explosions in Afghan refugee camps in NWFP and Baluchistan to threaten and pressurize them to return to Afghanistan. They also carried out bomb blasts in populated areas deep inside Pakistan to create panic and hatred in the minds of locals against Afghan refugee mujahideen for pressurizing Pakistan to change its policies on Afghanistan.
RAW along with NDS the Afghan secret service has used the Pakistani Taliban now residing in Afghanistan to create terror incidents in North Pakistan and Baluchistan. Kulbushan Yadav, a serving commander of the Indian Navy was captured deep inside Pakistan, he was involved in funding and sponsoring terror activities in Karachi , Baluchistan and elsewhere .

Pakistan
Pakistan's size, strength and potential have always overawed the Indians. It, therefore, always considers her main opponent in her expansionist doctrine. India's animosity towards Pakistan is psychologically and ideologically deep-rooted and unassailable. India's war with Pakistan in 1965 over Kashmir and in 1971 which resulted in the dismemberment of Pakistan and creation of Bangladesh are just two examples.
Raw considers Sindh as Pakistan's soft under-belly. It has, therefore, made it the prime target for sabotage and subversion. RAW has enrolled and extensive network of agents and anti-government elements, and is convinced that with a little push restless Sindh will revolt. Taking fullest advantage of the agitation in Sindh in 1983 and the ethnic riots, which have continued till today, RAW has deeply penetrated and cultivated dissidents and secessionists, thereby creating hard-liners unlikely to allow peace to return to Sindh. Raw is also involved similarly in Balochistan.
RAW is also being blamed for confusing the ground situation is Kashmir so as to keep the world attention away from the gross human rights violations by India in India occupied Kashmir. ISI being almost 20 years older than RAW and having acquired much higher standard of efficiency in its functioning , has become the prime target of RAW's designs, ISI is considered to be a stumbling block in RAW's operations, and has, therefore, been made a target of all kinds of massive misinformation and propaganda campaign. The tirade against ISI continues unabated. The idea is to keep ISI on the defensive by fictionalising and alleging its hand is supporting Kashmiri Mujahideen and Sikhs in Punjab. RAW'S fixation against ISI has taken the shape of ISI-phobia, as in India everyone traces down the origin of all happenings and shortcomings to the ISI . Be it an abduction at Banglaore or a student's kidnapping at Cochin, be it a bank robbery at Calcutta or a financial scandal in Bombay, be it a bomb blast at Bombay or Bangladesh, they find an ISI hand in it ( RAW :GLOBAL AND REGIONAL AMBITIONS" Edited by Rashid Ahmad Khan and Muhammad Saleem, Published by Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers, slamabad, 2005).
RAW over the years has admirably fulfilled its tasks of destabilising target states through unbridled export of terrorism. The India Doctrine spelt out a difficult and onerous role for RAW. It goes to its credit that it has accomplished its assigned objectives due to the endemic weakness in the state apparatus of those nations and failure of their leaders.
Pakistan figures promptly as a major RAW target, with special emphasis on the separatist Sindhu Desh movement. A wing of the Indian Special Services Bureau (SSB) has established terrorist camps across the border from Sindh in Rajasthan in eight major locations, Ganganagar, Jaipur, Udhampur, Kishangarh, Bikaner, Barmer, Jaiselmer and Gandhinagar. Services of Hindus who had migrated to India during 1971 and whose relatives are still living in Sindh are coordinated through a RAW cell located at Jaipur called the Sindhu Desh Department. With the exit of the active elements of the Al-Zulfikar Organisation (AZO) from Afghanistan and Libya, AZO has been taken over lock, stock and barrel by RAW. The same style of paid gunmen and bomb explosions as was witnessed in Sri Lanka has been duplicated in Sindh. The cooperation between the KGB, Khad and RAW to destabilize Pakistan, particularly Sindh during the decade-old Afghan war, is well documented and known to western intelligence agencies.
Pakistan's main claim to fame with respect to being judged guilty of State terrorism is Kashmir, there is widescale speculation that the US may declare Pakistan a terrorist State because of supposedly ISI-organised camps organise guerrillas to cross into Indian occupied Kashmir. The ISI learnt most of its expertise from close collaboration with the CIA during the 80s decade Afghan war when Afghan Mujahideen were trained in guerilla warfare in camps in the border region to liberate Afghanistan from Soviet yoke. Given the fact of Kashmir's disputed status and Pakistani emotions, the ISI could well be using that knowledge for operations in Kashmir but the insurrection within Kashmir is mostly indigenous, the people's will being spontaneous does not need orchestration. The ISI and other Pakistani covert agencies are also accused of providing help to Sikh militants demanding a separate homeland. Most of the Sikh militants are ex-Indian Army personnel who mutinied after the Golden Temple was desecrated. Support to them by Pakistan may be more moral than material in the circumstances. Kashmir is another matter, it is freedom struggle and the ISI need not organise camps since Kashmiris on both sides of the border are committed to freedom from Indian tutelage and thus would be crossing the border without official sanction. Even if the sanction is denied, the borders will remain porous, in the circumstances imposing a clamp down would be next to impossible.

 India went on to violate other aspects of the Simla agreement, specifically the undertaking that neither side shall change the ground situation, by occupying the Chorbat La, Siachen & Qamar sectors, an area over 2500 sq. kilometers between 1972 to 1988.
INTERNAL TERRORISM
Many people wrongly believe that RAW is used by India only for the purposes of the State's external policies. RAW has another more vicious role, to support the security forces within India to cow down its own population.
Many people in the outside world are not aware of the Hindu class system, almost 53% of the population is of the lowest class, the Untouchables. With about 17% Muslims and 3-4% Christians of various denomination, only about 25-27% of the population is really enfranchised. Most of the government jobs go to this minority with a sprinkling drawn from the majority for purposes of window dressing. The only government employment really open to the majority population are the menial jobs, even in the Armed Forces Untouchables, Muslims and Christians are few and far between. Control of the government at all levels and of the Armed Forces thus gives the Hindu minority upper class dictatorial authority over the rest of the population. When VP Singh was PM he tried to overcome this inequity by enforcing a Quota system, riots broke out all over the country, mostly fanned by the civil administration. In Delhi most of the protestors were government servants, this was repeated during the Babri Masjid riots in December showing BJP's hold. To sustain their rule, the ruling classes use RAW as a weapon to stamp down dissent, spread disinformation, political character assassination, hit squads to commit murder, etc. The amazing thing is that they got away with it despite the fact that the maximum amount of movements for independence are raging within India.
To start with is the grey area of Kashmir which is legally not a part of India but is under Indian subjugation. To fight the freedom movement, the Indians have adopted a three track policy. First they have shored up the present Indian administration, particularly the law enforcement agencies to maintain civil order. Since the local police forces have been hopelessly compromised, the Indians moved in large number of units from the Border Security Forces (BSF) and the Central Reserve Police (CRP). To augment their strength at key points, at least 2 more complete mountain divisions have been moved in, one from Eastern Command and the other from Southern Command. Both these formations were part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka. In addition, Brigade sized independent formations as well as special commando units have been posted to Kashmir. While the BSF and CRP were known for their penchant to resort to atrocities against non-combatants particularly old men, women and children, the commando units were trained by Israelis to combat the urban guerillas on the counter-Intifida pattern. Most infamous among these special units are the so-called Black Cats (they wear black uniform). The prime modus operandi is to surround a locality and line up all the men held in that swoop. Hooded men, who are obviously either informants or guerillas who have been tortured and thus forced to cooperate, are then brought to identify possible dissidents. Some of those that are held simply disappear, in most cases their bodies turn up after a few days. There is no sanctuary, churches and/or mosques are entered at will, in many cases there has been gun-battles on the premises. A form of ethnic cleansing is in process in Kashmir, the country is being rid of Muslim Kashmiris. There have been as many as 40,000 documented deaths in the last 2/3 years, over double that have crossed over the LoC to become a fresh wave of refugees in Azad Kashmir.
Almost a similar modus operandi is followed in Khalistan (Indian Punjab). Operation Blue Star in 1984 aimed at getting the Sikh militants out of the Golden Temple at Amritsar. The Sikh leader Bhindranewala was a RAW creation, a discovery of the late Sanjay Gandhi who thought he could be built-up as antidote to the growing Sikh freedom movement. Unfortunately for India, while before Bhindranewala the Sikhs were for greater autonomy within India, after Blue Star the great majority now want an independent Khalistan. Like in Kashmir, the province is in a state of virtual internal siege and the guerilla attacks are matched by the State's law enforcement agencies in the context of terrorism. Like in Kashmir, draconian laws ensure that fundamental rights remain suspended.
Over the broad mass of Central India, extending to the South is the shadowy Naxalite movement. Originating in a village called Naxalbari in West Bengal in the late 60s, this is essentially a revolt of the downtrodden class against the injustice of the rich and ruling, particularly the landlord class and government functionaries. At the beginning the movement was not really terrorist-oriented but the reaction of the civil administration forced them to respond with vengeance, now it is all out war with the Naxalites beheading their targeted enemies. Naturally the Indian Government's response, both Federal and State, has been to fight fire with fire with only lip-service given to civil liberties.
In the South is the land of the Tamils. In the 60s and 70s there was a budding secessionist movement, however with Indian moves on Sri Lanka in support of the minority Tamils against the majority Sinhalese, this movement was stymied. During the 80s, RAW created many camps in Tamil Nadu for the Tamil guerilla movements. Most of the supplies to Tamil areas were ferried across the straits to Jaffna and other areas by RAW operatives. A time came when the Sri Lankan Tamils had virtually free run of the place. However, with the advent of the IPKF into Sri Lanka, the major Tamil group, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE), led by Prabhaharan, revolted against Indian tutelage. RAW's proteges now became India's implacable enemies, the most bloody action was Rajiv Gandhi's assassination in typical LTTE style with the help of a girl from the LTTE suicide squad, she blew herself up along with the former PM of India. The Indian reaction against the Sri Lankan Tamils in India has been predictable and has created a backlash among the South Indian Tamil population.
Most of India's budding secessionist movements are too small to be well documented but the Indian response has been bloody and brutal. Some of the movements that are of significance are:-
a. Gorkhaland
The areas around Darjeeling, just south of Nepal, is inhabited by a large number of Gorkhas who are fighting for their own homeland. There is an uneasy peace at the moment because the Indians have promised autonomy.
b. Bodoland
Just west of Darjeeling lies Meghalaya where Bodo tribals are fighting for their independence. This freedom struggle started with bows and arrows, it is now a full fledged guerilla movement.
c. ULFA
United Liberation Front of Assam envisages an independent Assam as the local inhabitants feel they have been colonized by the Indians. As usual, the Indians have met terror with terror, razing entire villages to the ground.
d. Nagaland
The Nagas have been fighting for their independence since almost 1947. The British had promised them an independent homeland for their active support against the Japanese in World War 2. After the emergence of Bangladesh, the mainly Christian Nagas lost their main supply base for some time and they came to terms with the Federal authorities. However the promises made by the Indians were never fulfilled and as Bangladesh fell out with India, the Naga logistics improved and the guerilla movement goes on in full swing.
e. Mizoram
Like the Nagas, the Mizos are mainly Christians and their guerilla movement has followed the same route. Laldenga, their leader, had to come to terms after the emergence of Bangladesh. He was brought to Delhi for peace negotiations and then incarcerated when the talks failed in utter violation of the immunity given to him. Today the movement for an independent Mizoram goes on.
f. Manipuris
One of the greatest shocks of 'democratic' India that awaited tea planters of West Pakistani origin who moved into India while escaping from East Pakistan in 1971 (and were incarcerated in Indian Jails) was to find Manipuri children in many jails of Tripura State, particularly Agartala Jail. Under the Maintenance of India Security Act (MISA), a large number of Manipuri children of Manipuri influentials were kept as hostages for their good behavior. For a time after Bangladesh became a separate country, there was relative peace in Manipur as the guerilla movement lost its supply sanctuaries. It is now a war-torn country with Indian forces being attacked by Manipur guerillas in areas stretching from Manipur south to the Burmese border.
Modi Regime record
The Narendra Modi government’s neighborhood policy began exceptionally well with Mr. Modi reaching out to the regional capitals and making grand foreign policy commitments. But almost immediately, it seemed to lose a sense of diplomatic balance, for instance, when it tried to interfere with the Constitution-making process in Nepal and was accused of trying to influence electoral outcomes in Sri Lanka. While India’s refugee policy went against its own traditional practices, it was found severely wanting on the Rohingya question, and seemed clueless on how to deal with the political crisis in the Maldives. Despite their characteristic bravado and grandstanding, the BJP government’s foreign policy mandarins looked out of their depth.

CONCLUSION
The perception of the neighboring State of India is summed up by a book titled “Machination of RAW in Transitional Nepal” authored by Nepalese scholar Dr Shastra Dutta Pant provides a deep insight into the RAW’s covert and overt onslaughts against the strategically-located Nepal, compelling it compromise its sovereignty in subjugation to the Indian hegemony in South Asia. This book suggests that not only Pakistan but almost all other neighboring states are fed-up with the overt and covert operations of RAW. Published in 2017, it also partially figures out RAW’s engagement in espionage, subversion, sabotage, and psychological warfare against the South Asian neighbors including, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, and the regions of Kashmir and Tibet. The book dwells at length at RAW’s micro-management of the Nepalese affairs, specifically after the 1990 political change in Kathmandu, by deepening its dependency exclusively on India.

India must shed its aggression and deal with tricky situations with far more diplomatic subtlety and finesse.. The reason why South Asia is the least integrated region in the world is because the economic linkages are shockingly weak among the countries of the region. The lead to correct this must be taken by India even if this means offering better terms of trade for the smaller neighbors. While it is true that long ‘sensitive lists’ maintained by South Asian countries are a major impediment in the implementation of SAFTA, or the South Asian Free Trade Area, India could do a lot more to persuade them to reduce the items on such lists. Second, several of India’s border States have the capacity to engage in trading arrangements with neighboring counties. This should be made easier by the government by way of constructing border infrastructure and easing restrictions on such border trade  and there should be more attempts at forging multilateral arrangements, including by resurrecting the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).

India has used terrorism, deceit and underhand means to grab territory and to destabilize neighboring countries. South Asia have the largest number of poor outside Africa, this underdevelopment can be directly traced to Indian aggression which have interfered in States around it and even destabilized governments that are deemed inimical to Indian designs. For South Asia to progress, India will need to give up its Gugral doctrine.


Separatists Movements in India: Indian Occupied Kashmir: Feb., 9, 2019: Indian Republic Day January 26, 2019 was observed as “Black Day” by the residents of Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK). Pakistani flags were hoisted on roof tops by the Kashmiris. On February 3, 2019, Indian Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi visited IOK, but the entire Valley was in a state of lockdown. On February 5, 2019, Kashmir Solidarity Day was observed throughout the world with speeches, rallies, photo-exhibitions depicting Indian brutality and seminars condemning Indian atrocities were organized in various capitals of the world. It appears that with the renewed efforts by Pakistan, the cause of the Kashmiris is likely to gain impetus and bring international censure on India for its dismal human rights records.
Maoists: In the intervening night of February 1 and 2, 2019, two villagers, identified as Nirmal Goswami and Samru Kosmi, were shot dead by the Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist) cadres, over suspicion of being ‘Police informers’, near Markegaon village in Dhanora Tehsil (revenue unit) in Gadchiroli District. On January 30, 2019, a villager, identified as Wale VanjaKudyami, who was abducted by CPI-Maoist cadres over suspicion of being a ‘Police informer’, was found dead at Pengunda Phata under Bhamragad taluka (revenue sub-division) in Gadchiroli District.On January 27, 2019, another villager, identified as SansayTanuBeig (32), who was abducted by a group of CPI-Maoist cadres over suspicion of being a ‘Police informer’, was also found dead in Jaravandi village under Etapalli Tehsil in Gadchiroli District.On January 22, 2019, three villagers were shot dead by CPI-Maoist cadres on suspicion that they had passed on tip-offs to the Police that led to a massive anti-Maoist operation in which 40 rebels were killed in 2018, in Gadchiroli District. A group of around 150 armed Maoists from Chhattisgarh, who entered Kasansoor village near KosfundiPhata in the Bhamragad taluka of the District, abducted six villagers. Later, their bodies were thrown near the Kosfundi diversion on the Tadgaon-Bhamragarh Road.
The spurt in civilian killings is an indicator of growing unrest amidst the Maoists. The third hotspot is in Tripura. On January 29, 2019, the Indigenous People’s Front of Tripura (IPFT), a Tripura based tribal political party, an ally of the ruling Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP), along with another ten political parties of the Northeast, met in Guwahati, the capital of neighbouring Assam, to announce their opposition to the Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB). CAB was approved by the Lok Sabha (Lower House of India’s Parliament) on January 8, 2019. The bill is yet to be passed in the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament). On January 27, 2019, the head of the erstwhile royal dynasty of Tripura, Pradyot Kishore Manikya Debbarma, criticised the Government over CAB. Debbarma was speaking at a protest CAB, organized by the Tripura United Indigenous People’s Council (TUIPC), a joint body of 48 formerly militant organisations’, who had given up violence and whose cadres had surrendered over the past several years.
On January 22, 2019, TUIPC had also announced a series of joint movements in coordination with Tripura-based tribal parties and organisations, to be initiated from January 26, against CAB. Earlier, on January 8, 2019, at least six Tripura Students Federation (TSF) activists were wounded in a clash with the Police during an anti-CAB demonstration at Madhav Bari in the Jirania area of West Tripura District. On the same day, the State Government suspended mobile internet and SMS services in the entire State for two days, following the clashes. Later, on January 8, the Indigenous Nationalist Party of Tripura (INPT), a Tripura-based tribal political party, along with four other tribal parties, including IPFT-Tipraha group, Twipra State Party (TSP), National Conference of Tripura (NCT), and Tripura People’s Party (TPP), called for a general shutdown on January 12 to protest the incident.

Another issue which plagues the State is the renewed demand by indigenous tribals for a separate state ‘Twipraland’. IPFT, one of the three tribal based political parties in Tripura [the others being the Indigenous Nationalist Party of Tripura (INPT) and National Conference of Tripura (NCT)], which is an ally of the BJP led State Government, had called for a dawn to dusk general shutdown in the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) area on December 5, 2018, demanding separate statehood for the tribal areas and withdrawal of CAB. The main impetus of the insurgency in Tripura was the influx of refugees from East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh), which reduced the indigenous population to a minority in the State. The local population’s ire over CAB must be seen in this light, and any destabilizing impact of this hasty legislation could result in a resurgence of violence in the State. Mizoram and Nagaland are also simmering. India will have to take cognizance of the demands of the separatists.

India repeals 370: Aug., 5, 2019: With an indefinite security lockdown in Indian-occupied Kashmir (IoK) and elected representatives under house arrest, India's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) stripped Kashmiris of the special autonomy they had for seven decades through a rushed presidential order on Monday. By repealing Article 370 of the constitution, people from the rest of India will now have the right to acquire property in occupied Kashmir and settle there permanently. Kashmiris as well as critics of India’s Hindu nationalist-led government see the move as an attempt to dilute the demographics of Muslim-majority Kashmir with Hindu settlers. Article 370 had also limited the power of the Indian parliament to impose laws in the state, apart from matters of defence, foreign affairs and communications. As India's parliament debated the move, 8,000 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) from different parts of the country were moved to IoK. The Indian army and air force were also placed on high alert. Home Minister Amit Shah also moved a bill to bifurcate the state into two union territories – Jammu Kashmir as one and Himalayan Ladakh region as the other – directly ruled by New Delhi. A statement issued by the home minister said that "Jammu and Kashmir will be a union territory with legislature while Ladakh will be a union territory without legislature Late on Sunday night, the Indian government imposed curfew-like restrictions in the restive region while sending in tens of thousands of additional troops. Former IoK chief ministers Omar Abdullah and Mehbooba Mufti were placed under house arrest. Communications were cut, with private mobile networks, internet services and telephone landlines cut  "There shall be no movement of public. All educational institutions shall also remain closed. There will be a complete bar on holding any kind of public meetings or rallies during the period of operation of this order. Identity cards of essential services officials will be treated as movement passes wherever required," read an Indian government order, but added: "there is no curfew in place". The State is to be divided into three parts as well.

Naga History

Therefore, a brief summary of racial origins or political history shows that Nagas originated from Shem and in the course of migrations, ultimately settled down in the present lands of the Nagas. This land is situated in the geographical location of 25˚60’ and 27˚40’ latitude north of the equator and between the longitudinal lines 93˚20’ E and 95˚15’ E. Their migration route started from Mesopotamia (Iraq) and came across the Middle East via Mongolia Tibet and the Yunnan province of China like many other Asian nations. 
Naga history in non-Biblical secular records.
Nagas learned how to read and write only in the late 1870s from the American missionaries. Prior to this, all records of Naga history was oral history passed from fathers and elders to sons and grandsons through the educational institutions of the Naga Morungs. Some of these oral historical accounts even trace our Naga origins to very cold snowy regions of the world. But on top of all these records our immediate neighbours like the Manipuris and the Ahoms and also distant Indians and Chinese have also recorded our presence as a people and nation inhabiting our present geographical lands. For example, Indian historical records like the Rig Vedas and the Mahabharata makes many mentions of the non Aryan hill tribes’ people inhabiting the Himalayan foot hills and the North Eastern regions of the Indian sub continent. These records date back to the 10th century B.C. This implies that hill tribe Nagas had also been living in their lands prior to the 10thcentury B.C. As for Chinese records “Nagas” means “The people with pierced ears” who fled from the Chinese oppression of forced labour in building the Great Wall of China. Corresponding to this fact, in our own oral history which, (fearing that some Chinese kings might come searching for us to take us back to China), Naga forefathers like the Aos told their descendants to say that as for their origins, they had simply crawled out from some holes under the earth. As for Kachin and Karen records, our forefathers along with our Kachin and Karen kinsman together migrated to our present habitation from China between the 12th to the 7th century B.C. Then there is the records of Claudius Ptolemy who mentioned the Nagas as “Nagaloi” in A.D. 150 in his travel accounts. HiuenTsang, the Chinese traveller who came to India and the Varman dynasty in Assam during the Gupta Empire also gives a detailed account of the Nagas in his travel accounts Si-Yu-Ki in A.D. 643. 
 Besides these ancient documents, the many battles that the Nagas fought with their Manipuri and Ahom kings from the 3rdto the end of the 19th centuries are all recorded in the Manipur and Ahom Royal Chronicles called the Chietharol Kumbabu and the Buranjis). The Nagas also fought many battles with their neighbour kingdoms like Tripura and the Cachar Kingdoms. Then again, when the British Colonial power stepped into Naga territories in the early 19th century, the Nagas defied and intermittently fought against this Imperial power from 1832 to 1947. In this 115 years of spirited resistance, Nagas ceded to the British Empire only 30% of their over 100,000 sq.km. Geographical territory. The rest 70% remained as “Un-administered” and “Excluded” areas till 1947. It is also clearly recorded in the British records that “No written treaties or agreements have ever been made with any of the Naga tribes. (C.V.Atchinson-Treaties, Engagements and Sanads-Vol. X11, 1931, p 19). Therefore, in a sense, the Nagas were even never conquered by the British during the Colonial period.
The Indo-Naga Burma conflict in modern Naga history. 
When the British left their South Asian Empire in August 1947, India claimed that the Naga territories now belonged to the modern India that the British had created and left. Subsequently, after many skirmishes, India moved her armed troops into Nagaland in October 1955. In 1954, hostilities broke out between India and Nagaland and the Indo-Naga Burma war has ever since been raging on for the past 65 years. However, the actual conflict had started right from 1947 itself. All these events have taken place despite the fact that beginning from 1929 Nagas had made their clear political stand for sovereignty and had submitted 6 lengthy memorandums to the departing British power before the transfer of power took place in 1947. Naga leaders of the NNC also met all important Indian politicians like Gandhi and Nehru and also submitted more than 10 memorandums to India before India became a republic in 1953. Nagas also raised their National Flag on August 14, 1947 and conducted a national plebiscite on May 16, 1951 to declare to India and the world that we would remain an independent nation in the comity of nations in the world. But the Indo-Naga-Burmese conflict has remained unresolved till date. 
All these historical, political and geographical facts clearly show that the Nagas did not hoist their Independence flag on August 14, 1947 so that they can become a state under India or have a shared sovereignty with India or any other neighbouring countries. Therefore, any negotiated solution that bypasses these political facts of Naga history will never bring any solution to the Naga problem of occupation by India and Burma. 
Also, any Naga national group that would betray Naga national and geographical identity to any other country would be committing treason against the Naga nation. Such an act would also amount to a treasonous act against God and our ancestors who have given us both our national and geographical identities.
 In conclusion, the Indo-Naga-Burma conflict comes down to this International question as to whether a Caucasian nation like Britain can without consulting the Nagas, dissect their Mongolian Naga lands and gift it to India and Burma as presents? The corollary question for India and Burma also boils down to this question: Can these two nations just occupy these Naga lands which had never been a part of their territories all down the centuries of human history? Until these questions are politically and legally resolved from an international level, the Indo-Naga-Burma conflict will continue to shed Naga, Indian and Burmese blood for all times to come. 
NB. Details of the many of the above mentioned memorandums, historical records and accounts of the political history of the Naga nation can be found in the book: “Nagaland and India, the blood and the tears or “The Naga Saga” which are one and the same book.