Yemen Civil War (JR 159)
Introduction
Yemen's recent history
is one of division and bloodshed. Until the early 1960s, the country was ruled
by a monarchy in the north and the British in the south. Coups in both regions
plunged the country into decades of violence, ending with reunification in
1990.
The Middle Eastern
nation has long been one of the regions poorest. In 2015, it was ranked 168 out
of 188 countries on the Human Development Index, which measures life
expectancy, education and standard of living.
Prior to the war,
Yemen's population of more than 20 million was projected to double by 2035.
Amid high unemployment and dissatisfaction with the ruling Saleh family, the
country was ready for change when the Arab Spring swept across North Africa and
the Middle East in 2011. Yemen's war unfolded over several years, beginning
with the Arab Spring in 2011. Pro-democracy protesters took to the streets in a
bid to force President Ali Abed Allah Saleh to end his 33-year rule. He
responded with economic concessions, but refused to resign. By March, tensions
on the streets of the capital city, Sanaa, saw protesters dying at the hands of
the military. One of Yemen's most prominent commanders backed the opposition,
paving the way for deadly clashes between government troops and tribal
militias.
The conflict has its
roots in the failure of a political transition supposed to bring stability to
Yemen following an Arab Spring uprising that forced its longtime authoritarian
president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, to hand over power to his deputy, Abdrabbuh
Mansour Hadi, in 2011. As president, Mr Hadi struggled to deal with a variety
of problems, including attacks by jihadists, a separatist movement in the
south, and the continuing loyalty of security personnel to Saleh, as well as
corruption, unemployment and food insecurity.
The
Houthi movement, which champions Yemen's Zaidi Shia Muslim minority and fought
a series of rebellions against Saleh during the previous decade, took advantage
of the new president's weakness by taking control of their northern heartland
of Saada province and neighbouring areas.
in late 2014 and early 2015, the rebels took over Sanaa.
Alarmed by the rise
of a group they believed to be backed militarily by regional Shia power Iran,
Saudi Arabia and eight other mostly Sunni Arab states began an air campaign
aimed at restoring Mr Hadi's government.The coalition received logistical and
intelligence support from the US, UK and France. At the start of the war Saudi
officials forecast that the war would last only a few weeks. But four years of
military stalemate have followed.
Coalition ground
troops landed in the southern port city of Aden in August 2015 and helped drive
the Houthis and their allies out of much of the south over the next few months.
Mr Hadi's government has established a temporary home in Aden, but it struggles
to provide basic services and security and the president remains in exile.
The Yemeni Civil War is an
ongoing conflict that began in 2015 between two factions: the internationally
recognized Yemeni government, led by Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, and the Houthi armed movement, along with their
supporters and allies. Both claim to constitute the official government of Yemen. Houthi forces controlling the capital Sanaʽa, and allied with forces loyal to the
former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, have clashed with forces loyal to the government of Abdrabbuh
Mansur Hadi, based in Aden. Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant have also carried out attacks, with AQAP controlling swathes of
territory in the hinterlands, and along stretches of the coast.
Participants in the War
Multiple factions are entangled in
Yemen's war. However, the conflict divides into two main categories:
pro-government forces led by President Hadi and anti-government forces led by
the Houthis, who are backed by former President Saleh.
The Houthis hail from Yemen's north
and belong to a small branch of Shiite Muslims known as Zaydis. Until summer
2015, the insurgents had infiltrated much of the country's south. They
currently maintain control over key central provinces in the north. Hadi's
government has accused Iran of smuggling them military arms, an accusation
which Tehran has denied.
ul President Hadi's government is
headquartered in Aden and is the internationally-recognized government of
Yemen. In 2015, Saudi Arabia launched an international coalition in a bid to
reinstate Hadi. In recent months, fissures have appeared in Hadi's exiled
government, with his former security adviser, Aidarous al-Zubaidi and former
cabinet member Hani Bin Braik, spearheading a secessionist movement with
Emirati backing.
Background
Ansar
Allah (sometimes Anglicised as Ansarullah), known popularly as the Houthis, is a Zaidi group with its origins in the mountainous Sa'dah Governorate
on Yemen's northern border with Saudi
Arabia. They led a low-level insurgency
against the Yemeni government
in 2004 after their leader, Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, was killed in a government military crackdown following his protests against government policies. The intensity of the conflict waxed and waned over the
course of the 2000s,
with multiple peace agreements being negotiated and later disregarded. The Houthi insurgency heated up in 2009, briefly drawing in neighboring Saudi Arabia on the
side of the Yemeni government, but quieted the following year after a ceasefire
was signed.During the early stages of the Yemeni
Revolution in 2011, Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi declared the group's support for demonstrations calling for
the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh.[ ]Later in the year, as Saleh prepared
to leave office, the Houthis laid
siege to the Salafi-majority village of Dammaj in northern Yemen, a step toward attaining virtual autonomy
for Sa'dah
The
Houthis boycotted a single-candidate
election in early 2012 meant to give Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi a two-year term of office.They participated in a National Dialogue Conference, but withheld support from a final accord in early 2014
that extended Hadi's mandate in office for another year. Meanwhile, the
conflict between the Houthis and Sunni tribes in northern Yemen spread to other
governorates, including the Sanaʽa Governorate
by mid-2014.After several weeks of street protests against the Hadi
administration, which made cuts to fuel subsidies that were unpopular with the
group, the Houthis came to blows with Yemen
Army forces under the command of General
Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar.
In a battle
that lasted only a few days, Houthi fighters seized control of Sanaʽa, the Yemeni capital, in September 2014. The Houthis forced Hadi to negotiate an agreement to end the
violence, in which the government resigned and the Houthis gained an unprecedented
level of influence over state institutions and politics
In
January 2015, unhappy with a proposal to split the country into six federal
regions[ Houthi fighters seized the presidential compound in Sanaʽa. The power play prompted the resignation of
President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and his ministers.The Houthi political leadership then
announced the dissolution of parliament and the formation of a Revolutionary
Committee to govern the country on 6 February
2015.
On
21 February, one month after Houthi militants confined Hadi to his residence in
Sanaʽa, he slipped out of the capital and traveled to Aden. In a televised address from his hometown, he declared that
the Houthi takeover was illegitimate and indicated he remained the
constitutional president of Yemen.His predecessor as president, Ali Abdullah Saleh—who
had been widely suspected of aiding the Houthis during their takeover of Sanaʽa
the previous year—publicly denounced Hadi and called on him to go into exile.
Initiation of war
Troops
loyal to Hadi clashed with those who refused to recognise his authority in the Battle of Aden Airport on 19 March 2015. The forces under General Abdul-Hafez al-Saqqaf were defeated, and al-Saqqaf himself reportedly fled toward
Sanaʽa.[In apparent retaliation for the routing of al-Saqqaf,
warplanes reportedly flown by Houthi pilots bombed Hadi's compound in Aden
After
the 20 March 2015 Sanaʽa mosque bombings, in a televised speech, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, the leader of the Houthis, said his group's decision to
mobilize for war was "imperative" under current circumstances and
that Al-Qaeda in the
Arabian Peninsula and its affiliates—among whom he
counts Hadi—would be targeted, as opposed to southern Yemen and its citizens. ]President Hadi declared Aden to be Yemen's temporary capital
while Sanaʽa remained under Houthi control. Also,
the same day as the mosque bombings, al-Qaeda militants captured the provincial
capital of Lahij, Al
Houta District, after killing about 20 soldiers,
before being driven out several hours later.
On 21 March 2015, after taking over Sanaʽa and the Yemeni government, the
Houthi-led Supreme Revolutionary Committee declared
a general mobilization to overthrow Hadi and further their control by driving
into southern provinces. The Houthi offensive, allied
with military forces loyal to Saleh, began on the next day with fighting in Lahij
Governorate. By 25 March, Lahij fell to
the Houthis and they reached the outskirts of Aden, the seat of power for
Hadi's government; Hadi fled the country the same day. Concurrently,
a coalition led by Saudi Arabia launched military operations by using airstrikes to
restore the former Yemeni
government; the United
States provided intelligence and logistical support for the campaign. According
to the UN and
other sources, from March 2015 to December 2017, 8,670–13,600 people were
killed in Yemen, including more than 5,200 civilians, as well as estimates of
more than 50,000 dead as a result of an ongoing famine due to the war. The
conflict has widely been seen as an extension of the Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy conflict and as a
means to combat Iranian influence in the region. In 2018, the United Nations
warned that 13 million Yemeni civilians face starvation in what it says could
become "the worst famine in the world in 100 years
The international community has sharply condemned
the Saudi Arabian-led bombing campaign, which has included widespread bombing
of civilian areas. The bombing campaign has killed or injured an estimated
17,729 civilians as of March 2019 according to the Yemen Data Project. Despite
this, however, the crisis has not gained as much international media attention
compared to the Syrian civil war until recently
Hadi
reiterated in a speech on 21 March that he was the legitimate president of
Yemen and declared, "We will restore security to the country and hoist the
flag of Yemen in Sanaʽa, instead of the Iranian flag. He also officially
declared Aden to be Yemen's "economic and temporary capital" due to
the Houthi occupation of Sanaʽa, which he pledged would be retaken. In Sanaʽa,
the Houthi Revolutionary
Committee appointed Major General Hussein
Khairan as Yemen's new defence minister and
placed him in overall command of the military offensive.
Outside support
The Houthis have long been accused of being
proxies for Iran, since they both follow Shia
Islam(although the Iranians are Twelve-Imam Shias and the Houthis are Zaidi
Shia). The United
States and Saudi Arabia have alleged that
the Houthis receive weapons and training from Iran.The Houthis and the Iranian
government have denied any affiliation. The African nation
of Eritrea has also been accused of funneling Iranian material to the
Houthis,[ as well as offering medical care for injured Houthi
fighters.[ The Eritrean government has called the allegations
"groundless" and said after the outbreak of open hostilities that it
views the Yemeni crisis "as an internal matter".
The
Yemeni government, meanwhile, has enjoyed significant international backing
from the United States and Persian Gulf monarchies. U.S. drone strikes were conducted regularly in Yemen during Hadi's presidency
in Sanaʽa, usually targeting Al Qaeda in the
Arabian Peninsula. The United States was also a major supplier of weapons to
the Yemeni government, although according to the Pentagon, hundreds of millions of dollars'
worth of that material has gone missing since it was delivered. Saudi Arabia provided financial aid to Yemen until late
2014, when it suspended it amid the Houthis' takeover of Sanaʽa and increasing
influence over the Yemeni government. According to Amnesty International, the United
Kingdom also supplied weaponry used by Saudi-led
coalition to strike targets in Yemen
Dynamics of the War
Houthi
forces backed by troops loyal to Saleh entered Taiz, Yemen's third-largest city, on 22 March and quickly took
over its key points. They encountered little resistance, although one protester
was shot dead and five more were injured. Western media outlets began to suggest Yemen was sliding into
civil war as the Houthis from the north confronted holdouts in the south.
On
23 March 2015, Houthi forces advanced towards the strategic Bab-el-Mandeb strait, a vital corridor through which much of the world's
maritime trade passes. The next day, fighters from the group
reportedly entered the port of Mocha.
On 31 March, Houthi fighters entered
a coastal military base on the strait after the 17th Armoured Division of the
Yemen Army opened the gates and turned over weapons to them
On
2 April, Mahamoud Ali Youssouf, the foreign minister of Djibouti, said the Houthis placed heavy weapons and fast attack
boats on Perim and a smaller island in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait. He warned
that the weapons posed "a big danger" to his country, commercial
shipping traffic, and military vessels.
Houthi
forces seized administrative
buildings in Dhale (or Dali) amid heavy fighting on 24 March, bringing them
closer to Aden.[ However, Houthi fighters were swiftly dislodged from Ad
Dali' and Kirsh by Hadi-loyal forces. Fighting over Dhale continued even as the
Houthis advanced further south and east. On 31 March, Hadi loyalists clashed
with the Houthis and army units loyal to Saleh. The next day, a pro-Houthi army brigade was said to
have "disintegrated" after being pummeled by coalition warplanes in
Ad Dali. The commander of the 33rd Brigade reportedly fled, and groups of
pro-Houthi troops withdrew to the north.
In
the Lahij Governorate,
heavy fighting erupted between Houthis and pro-Hadi fighters on 24 March. The next day, Al
Anad Air Base, 60 kilometers from Aden, was
captured by the Houthis and their allies. The base had recently been abandoned
by United States of America US SOCOM troops. Defence Minister Mahmoud al-Subaihi,
one of Hadi's top lieutenants, was captured by the Houthis in Al
Houta and transferred to Sanaʽa. Houthi fighters also advanced to Dar Saad, a small town, 20 km
north of Aden On 26 March, after clashes erupted in Aden, Hadi loyalists counterattacked as a Saudi-led military
intervention got underway. Artillery shelled Al
Anad Air Base, forcing some of its Houthi
occupants to flee the area. Saudi airstrikes also hit Al Anad. Despite the
airstrikes, the southern offensive continued.
In
Aden, military officials said militias and military
units loyal to Hadi had
"fragmented" by 25 March, speeding the Houthi advance. They said the
Houthis were fighting Hadi's troops on five different fronts. Aden International Airport suspended all flights. Fighting reached Aden's outskirts on 25 March, with pro-Saleh soldiers taking over Aden International Airport and clashes erupting at an army base. Hadi reportedly fled
his "temporary capital" by boat as the unrest worsened. The next day, he
resurfaced in the Saudi capital, Riyadh, where he arrived by plane and was met by Saudi Prince Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud
Over
the following days, Houthi and allied army forces encircled Aden and hemmed in Hadi's holdouts, although they
encountered fierce resistance from the embattled president's loyalists and
armed city residents. They began pressing into the city center on 29 March
despite coalition airstrikes and shelling from Egyptian
Navy warships offshore On 2 April, the compound that has been used
as a temporary presidential palace was taken by the Houthis, and fighting moved
into the central Crater and
Al Mualla districts. Small contingents of foreign troops were reportedly
deployed in Aden by early May, fighting alongside anti-Houthi militiamen in the
city. Saudi Arabia denied
the presence of ground
troops,[ while Hadi's
government claimed the troops were Yemeni special forces who had received
training in the Persian Gulf and were redeployed to fight in Aden.
Forces loyal to Hadi recaptured Aden with support from Saudi
Arabia on 21 July in Operation Golden Arrow after months of fighting. This
allowed supplies to finally reach the port city giving civilians desperately-needed
aid. On 22 July a Saudi military plane landed in Aden international airport
filled with relief aid. On 21 July, a UN ship docked in Aden carrying
much-needed relief supplies, the first UN vessel to reach the city in four
months. Another ship sent by the UAE also delivered medical aid. On 21 July a
UAE technical team had arrived to repair the tower and passenger terminal at
Aden international airport, heavily damaged in clashes. On 24 July a military
plane from the UAE arrived filled with relief aid. On 4
August, Houthi forces were pushed back from the Al-Anad airbase, by Pro-Hadi
forces. On 17
October, Saudi Arabia confirmed the arrival of Sudanese troops into Aden for
the purpose of bolstering the Saudi-led coalition. In
January 2016, new conflict began in Aden, with ISIL and AQAP controlling
neighborhoods in the city.
The
Houthis racked up a series of victories in the Abyan
Governorate east of Aden in the days following
their entrance into Hadi's provisional capital, taking control of Shuqrah and Zinjibar on
the coast and winning the allegiance of a local army brigade, but they also
encountered resistance from both pro-Hadi army brigadiers and al Qaeda in the
Arabian Peninsula militants.[ Zinjibar and Jaar were recaptured by AQAP on 2 December. In 20 February 2016
the southern Abyan also captured by AQAP linked them with their headquarters in Mukalla. As of February 2016, pro-Hadi forces managed
to enter Sanaʽa governorate by capturing the Nihm
District killing dozens of
Houthi fighters. They continued their advance, capturing some cities and
villages.
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian
Peninsula took control of Mukalla in the eastern Hadhramaut Governorate on 2 April, driving out soldiers defending the city with
mortar fire and springing some 300 inmates from prison, including a local al
Qaeda leader.
Local tribal fighters aligned with Hadi
surrounded and entered Mukalla two days later, retaking parts of the city and clashing
with both al-Qaeda militants and army troops. Still, the militants
remained in control of about half of the town. In addition, al-Qaeda fighters
captured a border post with Saudi Arabia in an attack that killed two soldiers. On 13 April 2015,
Southern militia said they took control of the army base loyal to the Houthis
near Balhaf Mukalla City was recaptured from AQAP in late April 2016,
after UAE and Hadi loyalists troops entered the city, killing some 800 AQAP
fighters . Although the Houthis took control of Lahij on the road to Aden, resistance continued in the Lahij
Governorate. Ambushes and
bombings struck Houthi supply lines to the Aden front, with a landmine killing a reported 25 Houthi fighters on their
way to Aden on 28 March
Fighting
also centered on the Shabwa
Province, in the oil-rich Usaylan region,
where Al-Qaeda in the
Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Ansar
al-Sharia hold sway. On 29 March, 38 were killed
in fighting between the Houthis and Sunni tribesmen. Tribal sources confirmed
the death toll, and claimed only eight of them were from their side, with the
other 30 either Houthis or their allies from the Yemeni military .On 9 April,
the Houthis and their allies seized the provincial capital of Ataq. The takeover was facilitated by local tribal chiefs and
security officials.[236] AQAP seized Azzan, and Habban in early February 2016
In the province of Ma'rib,
six members of pro Hadi tribes were killed during fighting against Houthis on
22 March. The
next day, 15 Houthis and 5 tribesmen were killed in clashes in the Al Bayda Governorate. During
fighting between Hadi loyalists and Houthi militiamen in Sanaʽa, the Ethiopian embassy was reportedly struck by shelling on
3 April. The Ethiopian government said the attack appeared to be unintentional.
No injuries at the embassy were reported.
Armed
tribesmen drove off Houthis who had set up a makeshift camp in southern Ibb
Governorate and seized their weapons on 7 April
Between 17 and 18 April, at least 30 people were killed when the Houthis and
allied army units attacked a pro-Hadi military base in Taiz. The dead included
8–16 pro-Hadi and 14–19 Houthi fighters, as well as three civilians. Another report put
the number of dead at 85. On the morning of 19
April, 10 more Houthi and four pro-Hadi fighters were killed.
A pro-Hadi official claimed 150 pro-Houthi and 27 tribal
fighters had been killed in fighting in Ma'rib province between 2 and 21 April. On 4
September a Houthi missile hit an ammunition dump at a military base in Ma'rib
killing 45 UAE, 10 Saudi and 5 Bahraini soldiers. On 16
October, Houthis and allied forces reportedly seized control of a military base
in the town of Mukayris, pushing opponents out of southern Bayda. On 6
January 2016, Hadi loyalists captured the strategic port of Midi
District, but insurgents
backed by the Houthi government continued making attacks in and around the
city.
Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
Along with Saudi
Arabia, the United Arab Emirates has conducted airstrikes on Yemeni soil.
Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Morocco, Sudan, Jordan and Egypt have also contributed
to the operations. The United States and the United Kingdom have both provided
logistical support and intelligence to the Saudi-led coalition.
In
response to rumours that Saudi
Arabia could intervene in Yemen, Houthi
commander Ali al-Shami boasted on 24 March 2015 that his forces would invade
the larger kingdom and not stop at Mecca, but rather Riyadh .The following evening, answering a request by Yemen
international recognized government, Saudi Arabia began a military intervention
alongside eight other Arab states and
with the logistical support of the United
States against the Houthis, bombing
positions throughout Sanaʽa. In a joint statement, the nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (with the exception of Oman) said they decided to intervene against the Houthis in
Yemen at the request of Hadi's government. King Salman of Saudi Arabia declared the Royal Saudi Air Force to be in full control of Yemeni airspace within hours of
the operation beginning. The airstrikes were
aimed at hindering the Houthis' advance toward Hadi's stronghold in southern
Yemen. Al
Jazeera reported that Mohammed Ali al-Houthi, a Houthi commander appointed in February as President of
the Revolutionary
Committee, was injured by an airstrike in
Sanaʽa on the first night of the campaign.
Reuters reported that planes from Egypt, Morocco,
Jordan, Sudan,
Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar,
and Bahrain are also taking part in the operation. Iran condemned the Saudi-led airstrikes and urged an immediate
end to attacks on Yemen. Saudi Arabia
requested that Pakistan commit
forces as well, but Pakistan's parliament officially voted to remain neutral. However, Pakistan
agreed to provide support in line with a United Nations
Security Council resolution, dispatching warships to
enforce an arms embargo against
the Houthis.
The
bombing campaign was officially declared over on 21 April 2015, with Saudi
officials saying they would begin Operation Restoring Hope as a
combination of political, diplomatic, and military efforts to end the war. Even still,
airstrikes continued against Houthi targets, and fighting in Aden and Ad
Dali' went
on.
The
United Arab Emirates has also spearheaded an active role against fighting AQAP and ISIL-YP presence in Yemen through a partnership with the United
States. In an Op-Ed in The Washington Post Yousef
Al Otaiba, the UAE ambassador to the United
States, described that the intervention has reduced AQAP presence in Yemen to its weakest point since 2012 with many
areas previously under their control liberated. The ambassador
claimed that more than 2,000 militants have been removed from the battlefield,
with their controlled areas now having improved security and a better delivered
humanitarian and development assistance such as to the port city of Mukalla and other liberated areas. An Associated Press
investigation outlined that the military coalition in Yemen actively reduced
AQAP in Yemen without military intervention, instead by offering them deals and
even actively recruiting them in the coalition because "they are
considered as exceptional fighters". UAE Brigadier General
Musallam Al Rashidi responded to the accusations by stating that Al Qaeda
cannot be reasoned with and cited that multiple of his soldiers have been
killed by them The UAE military stated
that accusations of allowing AQAP to leave with cash contradicts their primary
objective of depriving AQAP of its financial strength. The notion of the
coalition recruiting or paying AQAP has been thoroughly denied by the United
States Pentagon with
Colonel Robert Manning, spokesperson of the Pentagon, calling the news source
"patently false". The governor of Hadramut Faraj al-Bahsani, dismissed the accusations that Al Qaeda
has joined with the coalition rank, explaining that if they did there would be
sleeper cells and that he would be "the first one to be killed".
According to The Independent, AQAP activity on social media as well as
the number of terror attacks conducted by them has decreased since the Emirati
intervention.
A
certification and assurance was announced by US Secretary of State Mike
Pompeo stating that maximum efforts are
being taken by the Saudi-led coalition to avoid civilian casualties in order to
legally authorize American military to refuel coalition military aircraft and
has affirmed to continued its support The
Spanish government initially cancelled the sale of 400 laser-guided bombs to
Saudi Arabia, however they have since reversed the decision In Egypt, the Yemeni foreign minister called for an Arab
League military intervention against the
Houthis. Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi floated the idea of a unified military force. The Arab League announced the formation of a unified
military force to respond to conflict in Yemen and Libya
Since
the mid-2000s, the United States has
been carrying out targeted killings of Al-Qaeda militants in Yemen, although the U.S. government generally does not confirm
involvement in specific attacks conducted by unmanned aerial vehicles as a matter of policy. The Bureau of
Investigative Journalism documented
415 strikes in Pakistan and Yemen by 2015 since the September 11 attacks, and according to the organization's estimates, between 423
and 962 deaths are believed to have been civilians. However, Michael
Morell, former deputy director of the CIA, affirmed that the numbers were significantly lower.
During
the civil war in Yemen, drone strikes have continued, targeting suspected
leaders of Al Qaeda in the
Arabian Peninsula. Ibrahim al-Rubeish
and Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi, two leading AQAP figures, were killed by U.S. drone
strikes in the vicinity of Mukalla in 2015. Approximately 240 suspected AQAP
militants have been killed by American drone strikes since the civil war began
. In 2013 Radhya Al-Mutawakel
and Abdelrasheed Al-Faqih, Directors of Mwatana, published a joint report with Open Society Foundations titled 'Death by Drone', detailing evidence of civilian
casualties and damage to civilian objects in nine US drone strikes.
Daesh
Daesh has proclaimed several provinces in Yemen and
has urged its adherents to wage war against the Houthi movement, as well as
against Zaydis in general ISIS militants
have conducted bombing attacks in various parts of the country, particularly
against mosques in Sanaʽa. On 6 October 2015, IS
militants conducted a series of suicide bombings in Aden that killed 15
soldiers affiliated with the Hadi-led government and the Saudi-led coalition. The attacks were directed against the al-Qasr
hotel, which had been a headquarters for pro-Hadi officials, and also military
facilities. Yemeni officials and UAE state news agency
declared that 11 Yemeni and 4 United Arab Emirates soldiers were killed in Aden
due to 4 coordinated Islamic State suicide bombings. Prior to the claim of
responsibility by the Islamic State, UAE officials blamed the Houthis and
former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, for the attacks
May 2015 truce
A
five-day ceasefire proposed by Saudi Arabia was accepted by the Houthis and
their allies in the military on 10 May 2015. The ceasefire was intended to
allow the delivery of humanitarian aid to the country. The temporary truce began on the night of 12 May to allow
the delivery of food, water, medical, and fuel aid throughout the country. On the fourth day of the truce, the fragile peace unraveled
as fighting broke out in multiple southern governorates. At least three
civilians in Aden and 12 in Taiz were killed on 16 May, despite the ceasefire Agence France-Presse reported that "dozens" were killed in southern
Yemen by the clashes, including 26 Houthi and 12 pro-Hadi fighters.
Around
the same time reports surfaced in the media suggesting that Oman, which is the only Middle Eastern Monarchy not taking part
in the coalition and has a border with Yemen, has presented a 7-point plan to
both Houthis and Saudi Arabia. The Houthis accepted the peace talks and the
7-point plan while Saudi Arabia and Hadi government refused negotiations with
the Houthis. It has also been suggested that Oman was responsible to
mediate a 24-hour ceasefire although analysts doubted if Oman could help bring
about more rigid negotiations
The
following parts constituted the planned initiative:
·
The withdrawal of the Houthis and
forces loyal to deposed president Ali Abdullah Saleh from all Yemeni cities and
the return of military hardware and munitions seized from the Yemeni Army.
·
The restoration of the president Abd
Rabbo Mansour Hadi and the government of Khalid Bahah.
·
Early parliamentary and presidential
elections.
·
An agreement signed by all Yemeni
parties.
·
An international aid conference
attended by donor states.
·
Yemen entering the Gulf Cooperation
Council.
Misc. interventions
On
Saturday, 20 August 2016, there were demonstrations at Satin Sanaʽa's Sabeen square to show support for the Higher Political
Council, the Shia Houthi governing body and former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh.
The head of council pledged to form a full government within days. The crowd size was variously placed at tens of thousands and
hundreds of thousands. The crowd's demands were "quickly rejected by the
United Nations and the country's internationally recognized government."[
Meanwhile, Saudi planes roared above the population and bombed nearby
leaving an unknown number of casualties.
On
29 January, the Yakla raid occurred.
U.S. Navy SEALs
executed a raid, President Barack Obama’s national security aides had reviewed
the plans for a risky attack. Mr. Obama did not act because the Pentagon wanted
to launch the attack on a moonless night and the next one would come after his
term had ended. With only 5 days in Office President Trump was given the task;
the raid caused several civilian casualties, with "a chain of mishaps and
misjudgments" leading to a 50-minute shootout that led to the killing of
one SEAL, the wounding of three other SEALs, and the deliberate destruction of
a $75 million U.S. MV-22 Osprey aircraft
that had been badly damaged on landing. The U.S. government reported that 14 Al-Qaeda in the
Arabian Peninsula fighters were killed and
acknowledged that "civilian noncombatants likely were killed" as
well. Human Rights Watch,
citing witness statements, reported the death of 14 civilians, including nine
children.
From
1 to 8 March 2017, the US conducted 45 airstrikes against AQAP, a record amount
of airstrikes conducted against the group by the US in recent history. The
airstrikes were reported to have killed hundreds of AQAP militants.
On
25 March 2017 a court in the Houthi-controlled Sanaʽa sentenced Hadi and six other government officials to death
in absentia for "high
treason" in the form of
"incitement and assistance to Saudi Arabia and its allies". The sentence was
announced by the Houthi-controlled Saba
News Agency. In May 2017, ISIL's
Wilayats in Yemen released their videos, claiming attacks upon both government,
Houthi and AQAP targets. One, they recorded their attack upon a Houthi target,
then assassinating government troops and tribal members. Then posting their
suicide attacks.
On
22 July 2017, Houthis and forces loyal to Ali Abdullah Saleh launched a
retaliation missile (called Volcano
H-2) on Saudi
Arabia targeting the oil refineries in the
Yanbu Province of Saudi Arabia. Houthis and Ali Saleh media have
claimed that the missile hit its target causing a major fire, while Saudi
Arabia has claimed that it was due to the extreme heat that caused one of the
generators to blow up. On 27 July 2017, Houthis and forces loyal to Ali Abdullah
Saleh launched approximately 4 Volcano
1 missiles at King Fahad Air Base,
the Houthis and Saleh said that the missiles had successfully hit their
targets, whereas Saudi Arabia said that it was able to shoot down the missiles
claiming that the Houthis real goal was to hit Mecca.
CNN reported that on 1 October 2017, a US MQ-9 Reaper drone was shot down north of Sanaa, the Houthi-controlled Defense
Ministry said that it had "downed" the drone. Also, sometime in late 2017, in a gradual escalation of U.S.
military action, a group of U.S. Army commandos arrived to seek and destroy
Houthi missiles near the Saudi Arabian border. In public statements, the U.S.
government has tried to keep secret the extent of its involvement in the
conflict since the Houthis pose no direct threat to America.
CNN reported that on 16 October 2017, the US carried out
its first airstrikes specifically targeting ISIS-YP, the strikes targeted two
ISIS training camps in Al Bayda Governorate. A US Defense official told CNN
that there were an estimated 50 fighters at the camps, the Pentagon said in a
statement that the camps’ purpose was to "train militants to conduct
terror attacks using AK-47s, machine guns, rocket-propelled grenade launchers
and endurance training." strikes disrupted the organization's attempts to
train new fighters; the strikes were carried out in cooperation with the
government of Yemen
On
2 December 2017, Ali Abdullah Saleh
formally split with the Houthis, calling for a dialogue with Saudi Arabia to
end the civil war. Clashes in Saana ensued. On 4 December 2017, Saleh was attacked and later killed by
Houthi fighters while trying to flee Sanaa.[ Shortly after his death, Saleh's son, Ahmed
Saleh, called for Saleh's forces to split
from the Houthis. On 7 December 2017, troops loyal to Hadi captured the
strategic coastal town of Al-Khawkhah in western Yemen (115 km south of Al
Hudaydah) from the Houthis. It was the first
time in 3 years forces loyal to Hadi had entered the Al Hudaydah Governorate On 16 December 2017,
troops loyal to Hadi captured the cities of Beihan and Usaylan, officially ending Houthi presence in any major city that
is a part of the Shabwah Governorate.The
Saudi-led coalition placed the number of enemy fighters killed at 11,000 as of
December 2017.
2018
The
southern separatists represented by the Southern Transitional Council were backing the Hadi government against the Houthis, but
tensions erupted in January 2018 with the separatists accusing the government
of corruption and discrimination. Gun battles erupted in Aden on 28 January
2018 after the deadline set by the separatists for Hadi to dismiss his cabinet
elapsed. Pro-STC forces seized a number of government offices, including the
Hadi government's headquarters. By 30 January, the STC had taken control of most of the city
On
3 March 2018, fighting between Yemen's Houthi Ansarullah movement and
Saudi-backed troops left over 55 people dead in the Nihm District in Yemen's
north, with many more wounded; on the same day, fighting between the opposing
groups killed at least 25 people along the western coast of Yemen. Also in early March 2018, Houthi fighters killed four Saudi
"sharpshooters" in retaliation for Saudi Arabia's numerous attacks on
Yemen On 8 March 2018, the Saudi-led
coalition conducted airstrikes across Yemen that left 9 Yemeni civilians
(including women and children) dead.[ The following day, Houthi
rebels launched an attack on a military site in Jizan.. On 2 April 2018, the Saudi-led coalition bombed a
residential housing area in Al Hudaydah, killing at least 14 civilians and
wounding nine .On 7 April 2018,
according to pro-Houthi Shiite News, dozens of Sudanese troops were
ambushed and killed by Houthis which led to calls for Sudan to stop fighting in
the war in Yemen
On
9 April 2018, another series of airstrikes by Saudi Arabia killed at least 22 civilians
in Yemen, with more injured. A few days later, on 12 April, Saudi Arabia bombed the set
of a TV series in western Yemen, killing two people.[ Another series of airstrikes by Saudi Arabia hit Yemen on 16
April, which left at least six civilians (including at least one child) dead, with
several others wounded. On 19 April 2018, another series of Saudi killed at least
five civilians and injured several others. In response to Saudi
Arabia's aggression against Yemen, Houthi forces hit a "mercenary
camp" in Saudi Arabia with artillery and rocket fire (which killed and
wounded some people at the mercenary camp), targeted a power plant in the
Najran region of Saudi Arabia, and targeted an airport in Jizan. ] Saudi Arabia later carried out a series of airstrikes in
northwestern Sa'ada that destroyed three houses, as well as an aerial attack in
southwestern Yemen that left 20 people dead. The
same day, two leaders of Al-Qaeda in Yemen were killed on Thursday after a
security raid was carried out by Yemeni forces in the province of Abyan. The
security sources said that the leaders of al-Qaeda in Yemen, Murad Abdullah
Mohammed al-Doubli, nicknamed "Abu Hamza al-Batani" and Hassan
Baasrei were killed after a raid by security forces in the Al-Qaeda stronghold.
Also known as Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula or AQAP, Al-Qaeda are primarily
active in Yemen. The U.S government believes AQAP to be the most dangerous
al-Qaeda brands.
On
22 April 2018, the Saudi-led coalition carried out airstrikes on a wedding in Hajjah, a town in northwestern Yemen; the airstrikes left at least
33 people dead and 41 wounded. The attack consisted of two missiles that hit
several minutes apart. Most of the people killed were women (including the bride at
the wedding) and children. Ambulances were not able to get to the site of the
attack at first, because, as jets were continuing to fly overhead after the
attack, there were concerns about further airstrikes
Houthi
media outlets announced on 23 April 2018 that a Houthi political leader had
been killed in an airstrike by the Saudi-led coalition the previous week. Also on 23 April, an aerial attack by Saudi Arabia in Hajjah
killed 18 people and wounded 13 others, while another airstrike by the
Saudi-led coalition in Saada killed at least three people and wounded two
others. The same day, Yemen announced that it had fired two missiles
at an oil facility in Jizan, a Saudi province near the Saudi-Yemeni border.
On
25 April 2018, Houthi forces destroyed a tank of the Saudi-led coalition on the
western coast of Yemen. It was also reported by Yemen's official news agency
that 13 Saudi led troops had been killed or wounded in several parts of Yemen.[ Later in April 2018, another series of Saudi airstrikes
across a period of 24 hours killed at least eight civilians across Yemen, seven
of whom were women and children. At least 10 other civilians were injured as a
result of the airstrikes
On
6 May 2018, a Yemeni ballistic missile hit Saudi military positions in Asir.
Two Saudi troops were also killed by Houthi snipers in the Haskul military base
in Jizan. At around the same time, Saudi Arabia was bombing various parts of
northern Yemen: a Saudi bombing in Sa'ada killed five members of a family, and
Saudi air raids in Hudaydah left two civilians killed. Saudi Arabia also bombed
Hajjah, which ended up being bombed 10 times over a 24-hour period
On
7 May 2018, airstrikes by the Saudi-led coalition hit Yemen's presidency
building. The attack left at least 6 people dead, all of whom were civilians.
30 people were also wounded in the airstrikes. The following day, clashes between the Houthis and pro-Hadi
forces in Taiz allegedly left dozens of Hadi militants killed, with several
others wounded
On
9 May 2018, Houthi forces fired ballistic missiles at "economic
targets" in Riyadh. According to Colonel Aziz Rashed, a military spokesman
for the Houthi movement, the missile attack was revenge for Saudi Arabia's
airstrikes in Yemen
On
10 May 2018, separate Saudi-led airstrikes on Yemeni residential areas killed
two entire families. One of the airstrikes, which targeted a house in Sanaʽa,
killed a father, mother, and two children from the same family, as well as two
other civilians, in addition to wounding six people (including three children). Also on 10 May, Houthi forces claimed to have destroyed two
Abrams tanks of the Saudi Army in Jizan.
On
11 May 2018, it was reported that cluster bombs made by the United States were
being used by Saudi Arabia on their airstrikes that were targeting civilians. ]Also on 11 May, the United Nations Human Rights office
reported that April had been the deadliest month to date in 2018 in Yemen, with
236 civilian deaths and 238 civilian injuries in April alone; this was an
increase from the 180 civilian casualties in March of that year. On 14 May, the Houthis fired a ballistic missile (that had
been domestically manufactured) at a Saudi Aramco oil facility in Jizan.
Pro-Houthi forces also shot down a Saudi reconnaissance drone in Jizan (in
southwestern Saudi Arabia). ]On 17 May, Houthi forces fired another ballistic missile at
a military base in Lahij, in southwestern Yemen, that was run by Saudi
soldiers. Also on 17 May, Amnesty International said that heavy
fighting near Al Hudaydah has displaced tens of thousands of people. It also
warned that "the worst could be yet to come," as Saudi-backed
militants were advancing towards the Houthi-controlled area. Amnesty
International also said that clashes along the western coast of Yemen had
displaced around 100,000 people in recent months, with most people from Al
Hudaydah Governorate. It added that it was "a glimpse of what potentially
lies in store on a wider scale if the fighting encroaches on the densely
populated port city. On 18 May, another Houthi missile was fired into Jizan, in
southwestern Saudi Arabia. The missile was reported to have struck Jazan
Economic City. Also on 18 May, over a dozen Saudi soldiers were killed and
injured by Houthi snipers and their allies. On 21 May, Houthi forces fired a ballistic missile targeting
Jizan Airport. ]Also on 21 May, the Saudi-led coalition launched 11
airstrikes on the Kitaf district of Saada, in northern Yemen. Saudi rockets and
artillery shells also hit several border areas, which inflicted heavy
casualties on houses and farms of citizens. Further, on the night of 21 May, clashes were reported to
have started between forces of the UAE and Qatar in the Taiz province of Yemen.
On
22 May, 10 Saudi soldiers and five Saudi commanders were allegedly killed in an
attempt to restore a series of mountains in Jizan.
On 24 May, it was reported that a Houthi missile targeted a
Saudi port in Jizan, at dawn on 25 May, Yemeni forces fired a ballistic missile
at a Saudi military camp in Najran. It was also reported on 25 May that airstrikes by the
Saudi-led coalition killed 7 civilians, in addition to injuring some other
civilians, in the Taiz and Saada provinces of Yemen. On 26 May, Houthi forces announced that military drones had
bombarded a Saudi airport in Asir for the second time in over a month. The
attack led to the suspension of flights to and from the airport. Also on 26
May, a Saudi bulldozer near the Alab border crossing was destroyed by Houthi
artillery fire.[ ]Further, also on that day, eight airstrikes by the Saudi-led
coalition hit Al Hudaydah Governorate, while another airstrike by the Saudi-led
coalition on a gas station in Sanaʽa killed at least four people and wounded at
least 10 others.[346] Also towards the end of May 2018, dozens of pro-Hadi
troops were killed and injured along Yemen's western coast. On 28 May, a Saudi commander was killed in Jizan, and a
military vehicle with troops in Najran was destroyed. ]On 30 May, Houthi air forces downed a spy plane in Asir. Also on 30 May, Houthi fighters destroyed Saudi military
vehicles.
In
late May 2018, pro-Hadi troops prepared to launch a siege on Hudaydah. Colonel
Sadiq Duwaid of the pro-Hadi forces stated, "First, we will cut off supply
lines, especially between [the capital] Sanaʽa and Hudaydah, then we will place
the Houthis under siege." The spokesperson of the United Nations Secretary-General
warned that "increased fighting would unleash even more internally
displaced people," and Amnesty International warned that fighting near the
port of Hudaydah had already displaced tens of thousands of people. It also
warned against clashes spreading to urban areas
On
1 June 2018, Houthi forces shot down a Saudi helicopter gunship of the Saudi
army in an attack that killed all those on board. Also on 1 June, the spokesman for the pro-Houthi forces
warned the United Arab Emirates that Abu Dhabi was no longer safe from
retaliatory missiles. ]On 4 June, the leader of Houthi movement claimed that
Israeli warplanes had been detected flying over Hudaydah.
On
4 June 2018, Yemen's Red Sea Ports Corporation said that a vessel used by the
United Nation's World Food Programme was attacked after it delivered a shipment
in Hudaydah, which is under a blockade by the Saudi-led coalition. Mark
Lowcock, the United Nations OCHA aid chief, said that no one was injured, but criticized
anyone who was attempting to disrupt aid delivery in Hudaydah. The suspect was
not known at the time
On
8 and 9 June 2018, heavy fighting began in al-Durayhmi and Bayt al-Faqih, 10
and 35 kilometers from the port city of al-Hudaydah, respectively. The United
Nations warned that a military attack or a siege on the city could cost up to
250,000 lives On 10 June, it was reported that the United Nations had withdrawn
from Hudaydah. Also on 10 June, it was reported that so far, 600 people had
died in recent days as the battle intensified. Further, also on 10 June, Al Jazeera published an
article containing reports of alleged torture in Houthi prisons in Yemen.
On
12 June, it was reported that an airstrike by the Saudi-led coalition hit a
Doctors Without Borders building. This was despite markings on the roof of the
building identifying it as a building of health care and despite the fact that
its coordinates had been shared with the coalition. No one was hurt in the
attack, but the newly constructed building suffered significant damage.
On
4 July 2018, a United Nations report stated that over 121,000 Yemenis had fled
Hudaydah due to the attack on the port city by the Saudi-led coalition. In 6 July, Houthi forces fired a domestic ballistic missile
at a "strategic economic target" in Jizan in southwestern Saudi
Arabia.
On
9 August, a Saudi airstrike
on a school bus in a crowded market in Dahyan killed 40 young school children and 11 adults. The 227 kg
(500 lb) laser-guided Mk
82 bomb used in the attack was made by Lockheed
Martin and purchased by Saudi Arabia from
the US.
On
13 December, a truce was called in Hudaydah, a port city in Yemen. Warring parties agreed to have a ceasefire in the crucial
place, which is a lifeline for half the country. The Houthis agreed to have all
forces withdraw from Hudaydah in the following days, same as those from the
Yemeni government alliance who were fighting them there, both being replaced by
United Nations-designated "local troops".
2019
On
January 8, 2019, the Council on Foreign Relations listed this conflict as a
conflict to watch during 2019. Similarly, the Italian Institute for International Political
Studies also claimed it to be a conflict to watch in 2019. Sporadic exchanges of fire and other ceasefire violations
have been reported between Houthi forces and coalition troops around Hudaydah
in January.
Humanitarian
situation
CNN reported on 8 April 2015 that almost 10,160,000 Yemenis
were deprived of water, food, and electricity as a result of the conflict. The
report also added per sources from UNICEF officials in Yemen that within 15 days, some 100,000 people
across the country were dislocated, while Oxfam said that more than 10 million
Yemenis did not have enough food to eat, in addition to 850,000 half-starved
children. Over 13 million civilians were without access to clean water A medical aid boat brought 2.5 tonnes of
medicine to Aden on 8 April 2015. ]A UNICEF plane loaded with 16 tonnes of supplies landed in Sanaʽa on 10 April. The United
Nations announced on 19 April 2015 that Saudi
Arabia promised to provide $273.7 million
in emergency humanitarian aid to Yemen. The UN appealed for the aid, saying 7.5
million people had been affected by the conflict and many were in need of
medical supplies, potable water, food, shelter, and other forms of support.
On
12 May 2015, Oxfam warned that the five days a humanitarian ceasefire was
scheduled to last would not be sufficient to fully address Yemen's humanitarian
crisis.
has also been said that the Houthis are
collecting a war tax on goods. The political analyst Abdulghani al-Iryani
affirmed that this tax is: "an illegal levy, mostly extortion that is not
determined by law and the amount is at the discretion of the field
commanders". As the war dragged on through the summer and into the fall,
things were made far worse when Cyclone
Chapala, the equivalent of a category 2
Hurricane, made landfall
on 3 November 2015. According to the NGO Save
the Children, the destruction of healthcare
facilities and a healthcare system on the brink of collapse as a result of the
war will cause an estimated 10,000 preventable child deaths annually. Some
1,219 children have died as a direct result of the conflict thus far. Edward
Santiago, the NGO's Yemen director, asserted in December 2016:
Even before the war tens of thousands of Yemeni children
were dying of preventable causes. But now, the situation is much worse and an
estimated 1,000 children are dying every week from preventable killers like
diarrhoea, malnutrition and respiratory tract infections. On March 2017, the
World Food Program reported that while Yemen was not yet in a full-blown
famine, 60% of Yemenis, or 17 million people, were in "crisis" or
"emergency" food situations
In
June 2017 a cholera epidemic resurfaced which was reported to be killing a person an
hour in Yemen by mid June. News reports in mid June stated that there had been 124,000
cases and 900 deaths and that 20 of the 22 provinces in Yemen were affected at
that time UNICEF and
WHO estimated that, by 24 June 2017, the total cases in the
country exceeded 200,000, with 1,300 deaths
On
7 June 2018, it was reported that the International
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) had
pulled 71 of its international staff out of Yemen, and moved the rest of them
to Djibouti, with some 450 ICRC employees remaining in the country. The
partial evacuation measure came on the eve of an ICRC worker, a Lebanese
national, being killed on 21 April by unknown gunmen in the southwestern city
of Taiz. The ICRC stated "our current activities have been
blocked, threatened and directly targeted in recent weeks, and we see a
vigorous attempt to instrumentalise our organisation as a pawn in the
conflict." In light of the serious security deterioration for ICRC
personnel, the international organisation has called for all parties of the
conflict "to provide it with concrete, solid and actionable guarantees so
that it can continue working in Yemen
The
International Rescue
Committee stated in March that at least 9.8
million people in Yemen were acutely in need of health services. The closure of
Sanaʽa and Riyan airports for civilian flights and the limited operation of
civilian airplanes in government-held areas, made it impossible for most to
seek medical treatment abroad. The cost of tickets provided by Yemenia, Air Djibouti and
Queen Bilqis Airways, also put traveling outside Yemen out of reach for many
Refugees
Djibouti, a small country in the Horn
of Africa across the Bab-el-Mandeb strait from Yemen, has received an influx of refugees since the start of the
campaign.
Refugees also fled from Yemen to Somalia, arriving by sea in Somaliland and Puntland starting
28 March.
On 16 April 2015, 2,695 refugees of
48 nationalities were reported to have fled to Oman in the past two weeks
According to Asyam Hafizh, an Indonesian student who was studying in Yemen, Al-Qaeda of Yemen has
rescued at least 89 Indonesian civilians which trapped in the conflict. Later
on he arrived in Indonesia and he told his story to local Media. United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
reported in August 2015 that a total of almost 100,000 people fled Yemen,
especially to regional countries, like Saudi Arabia and Djibouti. In September 2016, UNHCR estimated displacement of 2.4
million Yemenis within the country and 120,000 seeking asylum.
The
Royal Saudi Navy
evacuated diplomats and United
Nations staff from Aden to Jeddah on 28 March 2015. Pakistan dispatched two specialbPIA flights to evacuate some 500 stranded Pakistanis
on 29 March 2015. Several UN staff members and Arab diplomats were also
evacuated following the airstrikes .The Indian government responded by deploying ships and planes to Yemen
to evacuate stranded Indians. India began evacuating its citizens on 2 April by
sea. An air evacuation of Indian nationals from Sanaʽa to Djibouti started on 3 April, after the Indian government obtained
permission to land two Airbus A320s at
the airport The Indian Armed Forces
carried out rescue operation codenamed Operation
Raahat
and evacuated more than 4640
overseas Indians in Yemen along with 960 foreign nationals of 41 countries. The air evacuation ended on 9 April 2015 while the
evacuation by sea ended on 11 April 2015.[ The United States has assets in the region, but through its
Yemen diplomatic mission website, instructed its citizens to evacuate using
Indian assistance
A
Chinese missile frigate
docked in Aden on 29 March to evacuate Chinese nationals from Yemen. The ship reportedly deployed soldiers ashore on 2 April to
guard the evacuation of civilians from the city. Hundreds of Chinese
and other foreign nationals were safely evacuated aboard the frigate in the
first operation of its kind carried out by the Chinese military.[ The Philippines announced that 240 Filipinos were evacuated
across the Saudi border to Jizan, before boarding flights to Riyadh and then to
Manila.
The
Malaysian government deployed two Royal Malaysian Air Force C-130 aircraft
to evacuate their citizens. On 15 April, around 600 people were evacuated by Malaysia,
also comprising citizens of other Southeast Asian countries such as 85
Indonesians, 9 Cambodians, 3 Thais and 2 Vietnamese. The Indonesian Air Force also sent a Boeing
737-400and a chartered aircraft to evacuate
Indonesian citizens.
The
Ethiopian Foreign Ministry said it would airlift its citizens out of
Yemen if they requested to be evacuated. There were reportedly more than 50,000 Ethiopian nationals
living and working in Yemen at the outbreak of hostilities.[429] More than 3,000 Ethiopians registered to evacuate from
Yemen, and as of 17 April, the Ethiopian Foreign Ministry had confirmed 200
evacuees to date
Throughout
April, Russian military forces evacuated more than 1,000 people of various
nationalities, including Russian citizens, to the Chkalovsky Airport,
a military air base.
Impact on citizens
Yemeni
refugee female and children are extremely susceptible to smuggling and human
trafficking. NGOs report that vulnerable populations in Yemen were at
increased risk for human trafficking in 2015 because of ongoing armed conflict,
civil unrest, and lawlessness. Migrant workers from the Somalia who remained in
Yemen during this period suffered from increased violence, and women and
children became most vulnerable to human trafficking. Prostitution on women and
child sex workers is a social issue in Yemen. Citizens of other gulf states are
beginning to be drawn into the sex tourism industry. The poorest people in
Yemen work locally and children are commonly sold as sex slaves abroad. While
this issue is worsening, the plight of Somali's in Yemen has been ignored by
the government. Children are recruited between the ages of 13 and 17, and as
young as 10 years old into armed forces despite a law against it in 1991. The
rate of militant recruitment in Yemen increases exponentially. According to an
international organization, between 26 March and 24 April 2015, armed groups
recruited at least 140 children. According to the New York Times report, 1.8 million children
in Yemen are extremely subject to malnutrition in 2018
The
civil war in Yemen severely impacted and degraded the country's education
system. The number of children who are out of school increased to 1.8 million
in 2015–2016 out of more than 5 million registered students according to the
2013 statistics released by the Ministry of Education. Moreover, 3600 schools are directly affected; 68 schools are
occupied by armed groups, 248 schools have severe structural damage, and 270
are used to house refugees. The Yemen government has not been able to improve
this situation due to limited authority and manpower. Some of the education
system's problems include: not enough financial resources to operate schools
and salaries of the teachers, not enough materials to reconstruct damaged
schools, and lack of machinery to print textbooks and provide school supplies.
These are caused by the unstable government that cannot offer enough financial
support since many schools are either damaged or used for other purposes. Due
to warfare and destruction of schools, the education ministry, fortunately, was
able to send teams to oversee primary and secondary schools' final exam in
order to give students 15-16 school year certificates. Currently, UNICEF is raising money to support students and fix schools
damaged by armed conflicts.
The
Yemeni quality of life is affected by the civil war and people have suffered
enormous hardships. Although mines are banned by the government, Houthi forces
placed anti-personnel mines in many parts of Yemen including Aden.[ Thousands of civilians are injured when they accidentally
step on mines; many lose their legs and injure their eyes. It is estimated that
more than 500,000 mines have been laid by Houthi forces during the conflict.
The pro-Hadi Yemen Army was able to remove 300,000 Houthi mines in recently
captured areas, including 40,000 mines on the outskirts of Marib province, according to official sources.[ In addition, the nine-country coalition led by Saudi Arabia
launched many airstrikes against Houthi forces; between March 2015 and December
2018 more than 4600 civilians have been killed and much of the civilian
infrastructure for goods and food production, storage, and distribution has
been destroyed.
Factories have ceased production and
thousands of people have lost their jobs. Due to decreased production, food,
medicines, and other consumer staples have become scarce. The prices of these
goods have gone up and civilians can no longer afford them for sustenance.
United
Nations
The
United Nations representative
Baroness Amos, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and
Emergency Relief Coordinator, said on 2 April that she was "extremely
concerned" about the fate of civilians trapped in fierce fighting, after
aid agencies reported 519 people killed and 1,700 injured in two weeks. The UN
children's agency reported 62 children killed and 30 injured and also children
being recruited as soldiers.
Russia called for "humanitarian pauses" in the coalition
bombing campaign, bringing the idea before the United Nations
Security Council in a 4 April emergency meeting. However, Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the United Nations
questioned whether humanitarian pauses would be the best way of delivering
humanitarian assistance
On
14 April 2015, the United Nations
Security Council adopted a resolution placing
sanctions on Abdul-Malik al-Houthi and Ahmed
Ali Saleh, establishing an arms
embargo on the Houthis, and calling on the Houthis to withdraw from Sanaʽa and
other areas they seized. The Houthis condemned the UN resolution and called for mass
protests
Jamal
Benomar, the UN envoy to Yemen who brokered
the deal that ended Ali Abdullah Saleh's
presidency during the 2011–12
revolution, resigned on 15 April. Mauritanian diplomat Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed, formerly the head of the UN's Ebola response mission, was
confirmed as the new UN Envoy to Yemen on 25 April. The Panel of Experts on Yemen mandated by the Security
Council, UN submitted a 329-page report to
the latter's President on 26 January 2018 denouncing the UAE, the Yemeni
government and the Houthis for torturing civilians in the Yemeni conflict
In
December 2018, UN-sponsored talks between the Houthis and the Saudi-backed
government were expected to start. The UN has also started using its jets to
carry wounded Houthi fighters out of the Yemeni capital, Sanaa, to Oman, paving the way for planned peace talks after
nearly four years of civil war
Calls for ceasefire
On
4 April 2015, the International
Committee of the Red Cross called for a
24-hour ceasefire to deliver aid and supplies after the Saudi-led coalition
blocked three aid shipments to Yemen. On
5 April, Reuters quoted a Houthi leader as saying the group would be willing
to sit down for peace talks if the airstrikes stopped and a neutral party acted
as mediator. On 7 April, China added its support of a ceasefire in Yemen, following an
appeal by the ICRC and Russia for
a humanitarian pause
Despite
Saudi
Arabia asking for Pakistan's support to
join the coalition, the Pakistan government
has also called for a ceasefire in order to help negotiate a diplomatic
solution. Alongside Turkey, Pakistan has taken initiatives to arrange a ceasefire in
Yemen. According to analysis written in U.S. News, Pakistan's strategic calculations firmly believes that if the Saudis enter
into a ground war in
Yemen – with or without Pakistani military–
it will become a stalemate;
therefore, Pakistan is increasing its efforts to potentially help engineer a
face-saving solution to achieve a ceasefire and end the war
On
12 April, Saudi Arabia rejected Iran's request about a ceasefire in Yemen Saudi Foreign
Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal said in the Saudi capital,Riyadh, at a news conference with his French counterpart Laurent
Fabius, that "Saudi
Arabia is a responsible for
establishing legitimate government in Yemen and Iran should not interfere. Australia called for the ceasefire in Yemen, because of the civilian
casualties numbers On 16 April, Secretary-General Ban
Ki-moon requested an immediate ceasefire in
Yemen. Also he said all parties must stop war as soon as possible.
Iranian
foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif submitted four-point Yemen peace plan to United Nations. In
this letter he pointed to enormous civilian casualties and destruction of
civilian infrastructure. He said the only way to stop the war is to require
that Yemeni parties form a national unity government without any foreign
military intervention Furthermore, since 21 April 2016, peace talks have
started in Kuwait at the Bayan Palace. In June 2015, a solution to ending the Saudi intervention in
Yemen sought the participation of a Yemeni delegation to the Geneva peace
talks; the delegation came under attack in the Geneva peace talks
In
10 April 2016, cease fire agreement reached in Yemen, after months of
negotiation, but peace
talks were suspended on 6 August. Second Yemeni ceasefire attempt on 21 November 2016,
collapsed within 48 hours The U.S. and U.K. have put immense pressure on Saudi
Arabia following the bombing campaign in Yemen , a Washington
Post journalist. On 30 October 2018, US
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said
"It is time to end this conflict, replace conflict with compromise, and
allow the Yemeni people to heal through peace and reconstruction." Pompeo
emphasized that the Houthi rebels must stop firing missiles at Saudi and the
UAE, but he also added that "subsequently, coalition airstrikes must cease
in all populated areas in Yemen," aiming at Saudi Arabia. Defense Secretary Jim
Mattis said all the parties involved in
the war need to take part in peace talks initiated by the UN within 30 days.[469] On November 10, 2018, the U.S. announced it would no
longer refuel coalition aircraft operating over Yemen. The Saudi-led coalition
issued a statement confirming the decision, saying the cessation of aerial
refueling was made at the request of the coalition due to improvements in their
own refueling capabilities. The move was expected to have minimal impact on the
Saudi effort. The U.S. still provides support for the Saudi-led
intervention via weapons sales and intelligence sharing. On 13 March 2019, the
U.S. Senate voted 54–46 in favor of ending U.S. support for the Saudi-led war
in Yemen and calling on the President to revoke U.S. forces from the Saudi-led
coalition.
Socio economic
impacts
In Yemen's
"forgotten war," the civilian population has lost the most. According
to the United Nations, the death toll surpassed 10,000 at the beginning of
2017, with at least 40,000 wounded. Coalition airstrikes and a naval blockade
imposed by coalition forces in 2015 have pushed Yemen - where over 80 percent
of food is imported - to the brink of famine.
Yemen has also been hit by a cholera outbreak deemed the worst in the
world by the UN. It estimates that roughly 600,000 people have contracted the
disease since last year and more than 2,000 people have died from it. Officials
have also sounded the alarm amid medical supplies shortages. Doctors without
Borders suspended its aid after two years, threatening the daily operations of
Yemen's national blood bank. The EU this year called it the "worst
humanitarian crisis in the world
Water availability
in Yemen has decreased. Water scarcity with an intrinsic geographical formation in
highlands and limited capital to build water infrastructures and provision
service caused a catastrophic water shortage in Yemen. Aquifer recharge rates
are decreasing while salt water intrusion is increasing After the civil war
began in 2015, the water buckets were destroyed significantly and price of
water highly increased. Storing water has demolished by war and supply chains
have been occupied by military personnel, which make the delivery of water far
more difficult. In 2015, over 15 million people need healthcare and over 20
million need clean water and sanitation—an increase of 52 percent since the
intervention, but the government agencies cannot afford to deliver clean water
to displaced Yemeni citizens
The
Yemen civil war resulted in a severe lack of food and vegetation. Agricultural
production in the country has suffered substantially leaving Yemen to face the
threat of famine. Yemen is currently under blockade by land, sea and air which
has disrupted the delivery of many of the countries resources. In a country
where 90% of the food requirements are met through imports, this blockade has
had serious consequences concerning the availability of food to its citizens. ]It
is reported that out of the population of 24 million in Yemen, everyday 13
million are going hungry and 6 million are at risk of starvation. According to reports there is strong evidence suggesting
that Yemen's already limited agricultural sector is being deliberately
destroyed by warring factions, exacerbating the food shortage and leaving the
country dependent solely on imports to meet the food requirements of its
."
Houthis
The war in Yemen is often misunderstood, and the
consequent ongoing humanitarian crisis is disregarded. Many analyses reduce the
conflict to a proxy war between the Arab coalition—led by Saudi Arabia and the
United Arab Emirates—and Iran. However, the proxy war is only one layer of a
multidimensional conflict that includes many factions, some of which are
uncomfortable partnerships. One of the most misunderstood and most central
parties to the conflict is the Houthis. In the past decade, they have grown in power
from an isolated religious movement into a considerable militant faction that
controls the Yemeni capital, Sana’a. However, with this success have come new
internal divisions and external threats that will influence how the devastating
war will end and what might follow.
The
Houthis emerged in Yemen as an opposition movement in the early 1990s; however,
they did not present a significant military threat to the Yemeni state until
the early 2000s. The group originally organized as the “Believing Youth Group,”
claimed to “revive” Zaydism, a branch of Shiite Islam, and aimed to counter the
increasing presence of Sunni Wahhabi schools in Sa’dah, the Northern Province
of Yemen, and particularly in the city of Dammaj. As the organization grew, it
planned insurgencies against the state and became known as “the Houthis,” a
reference to the family that led the movement. The Houthis fought six wars, called the Sa’dah
wars, with the
government between 2004 and 2010. These conflicts gave the rebel group combat
experience and compelled them to build a military organization. However, their
true rise to power occurred during and after the Arab Spring in 2011.
When
the protests in Yemen began, the Houthis were present in “Change Square.” After
President Ali Abdullah Saleh stepped down and initiated a political transition
after months of pressure, the Houthis participated in Yemen’s National Dialogue
Conference (NDC), where one of the eight committees formed was dedicated exclusively to
addressing their grievances. The political process was fraught. Sana’a had
never been host to so many dissenting groups in its modern history and the
transition championed by the NDC was an unpopular departure from Yemen’s
traditionally decentralized, consociational mode of governance. In the absence
of state control, a vacuum emerged that politically ambitious groups in the
capital, including the Houthis, worked to exploit.
Eventually,
in September 2014, the Houthis seized Sana’a, but this turn of events was
anything but sudden. In the months before Houthi forces entered the capital,
its militia threaded through the mountainous regions of Arhab and Amran, fighting several battles against
rival military units
headed by General Ali Muhsin al-Ahmar, the tribal and Islamist political
coalition Islah, and independent Salafi fighters. When the Houthis entered
Sana’a, it was reported that “not a single shot was fired.” The
takeover was slow moving and cushioned with political settlements, not only with the government but
also with the Joint Meeting Party (JMP), a coalition of opposition
political parties created in 2005.
The
civil war expanded into a regional war with the intervention of the Arab
coalition in 2015. Despite this increased pressure, the Houthis’ political
ambitions proved greater than expected and they quickly gained several
advantages over other competing factions. They had already captured the capital
of Sana’a, where they seized control of all existing state institutions. They
also benefited from the accumulated experience of Saleh, the ousted president
of 33 years and the Houthis’ former enemy. Saleh, became an unlikely ally who
joined forces with the Houthis to retain his influence Today
the Houthis have complete control of the capital and the governorates of
Amran, Dhamar, Rima, Ibb and al-Mahweet. They also control much of the
northwest province of Hajjah, except near the Saudi border, and are present in
the central province of al-Bayda. The war has devastated Sa’dah, the northern stronghold
of the Houthis, but the province remains almost exclusively under their
control.
The
Houthis, who prefer the term Ansar Allah (Partisans of God), are generally
defined as followers of Abdel Malik and Hussein al-Houthi’s religious and
political agenda and the adherents of the philosophy inspired by Badr al-Din
al-Houthi. This ideology is inspired by Zaydism, a branch of Shi’ism with
similar religious practices to the Sunni Shafi’i sect in Yemen. However, the
current conflict in Yemen has produced a new breed of “Houthi.” Today, the Houthi crowd is a broad
spectrum of groups—an unruly quasi-coalition spanning religious, geographic and
political spaces and hierarchies allied in their opposition to the Saudi-led
intervention.
Authority
resides in the “Sa’dah Core,” who survived the Sa’dah wars and whose ideologies lean closer to
Twelver Shi’ism,
which is practiced in Iran but historically alien to Yemen. Twelver Shiite
practices that are novel to Yemen are increasingly being incorporated into
religious practice; for example, the commemoration of Ashura was publicly celebrated by Houthi
supporters en masse for the first time in 2017, and Yemeni Shiites now openly observe Eid al-Ghadir, a Shiite religious celebration
rumored to have been practiced mostly in secret previously. Of all the Houthi
factions, the Sa’dah Core has the closest ties to Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary
Guard Corps and Lebanon’s Hezbollah, which advise the Houthi leadership. This
inner cabal has been described as “paranoid” and extremely
“secretive.”
Another
faction are the Houthi jihadis, who constitute the majority of the Houthis’
fighters in the war and who are motivated by a radical religious interpretation
analogous to Salafi jihadis. They are inspired by the Sa’dah Core and the
historical references to the martyrdom of Hussein, the early Shiite imam whose
death was foundational to the Sunni-Shiite split. Religious extremists on both
sides of the conflict consider the war over—a matter of life or death for their
faiths. This framing of the conflict, perpetuated by both Houthi jihadis and
Salafi jihadis, has produced widespread sectarianism throughout the country.
Additionally,
there are the Zaydi dogmatists. Like the Salafis, they believe that they are
practicing a purer form of Islam perfected by their ancestors. Within this
religious spectrum, there are also some Zaydi-Hashemites who hope to revive the
ancient Yemeni Mutawakkilite kingdom, which vested authority in imams who
claimed to have been descendants of the prophet Muhammad. However, none of
those calling for the return of the imamate have close dynastic ties to the ruling family that was
ousted from power in 1962 or its predecessors.
In
addition to the ideological division, the Houthis are also driven by geographic
divides that are dictated by existing tribal groupings. The Houthis have the broad support
from the Hashed, Bakeel and Khawlan tribes, but there is some dissent within
these groups. The tribal dynamic, which preceded 2011, played to the favor of
the Houthis, as many northern tribes objected to the ruling Hashed hierarchy.
However, as a result of the Houthis’ emerging power, the Sa’dah tribes have become dominant
over the north for
the first time in decades. The Sa’dah Core has rearranged the geographic social
strata by reigning over the regions of Sana’a and Thamar.
Throughout
the current conflict, the Houthis have used traditional tribal arbitration methods to secure noninterference
from northern tribes that might otherwise have fought against them and
succeeded by strategically allowing powerful tribes significant autonomy in
their respective regions. The Houthis
have also benefited from missteps by the Arab coalition and the Yemeni
government. The Arab coalition’s negligent targeting of airstrikes against previously
unaligned tribes has given the Houthis new allies, and the government’s
discrimination against Yemenis living in Houthi-controlled territories has
further alienated parts of the Yemeni public.
The
Houthis have failed to mobilize politically as they have militarily. After
their initial success sweeping into Sana’a, a number of political parties sided
with the Houthis, including the Union of Popular Forces and al-Haq Party, but
their motives were complicated—while they were influenced by the legitimacy of
the Houthis’ Zaydi identity, they also had to consider their own viability and
safety under Houthi rule.
Despite
forming political alliances, the Houthis have struggled to manage their
supporters effectively, while also grappling with the loss of senior leaders.
As early as 2013, the Houthis’ opponents had begun assassinating many prominent
Houthi political figures, such as Ahmed
Sharaf al-Din and Abdel Karim Jadban. These
organizational failures and setbacks have hindered the Houthis’ political
efforts, and the political wing that represents the Houthis in international
negotiations is their weakest link.
Many
Houthi supporters are politically or religiously agnostic pragmatists whose support
for the group is based on immediate interests. This category includes former
members of the General People’s Congress (GPC) who sided with Saleh in 2012,
some northern tribesmen, individuals whose livelihoods were negatively affected
by the mistakes of the Arab coalition, and those previously marginalized by the
Yemeni government. These pragmatists make up the most substantial fraction of
the Houthi organization and are likely to switch sides quickly if the balance
of power shifts. Many pragmatists who once tolerated Houthi rule did exactly
that when Saleh broke with his Houthi partners in late 2017, prompting fighting
between Houthis and loyalists to Saleh that resulted in Saleh’s death.
The
infighting between the Houthi and pro-Saleh factions reinforced perceptions
that the conflict is primarily between Saudi and Iranian proxies, and after
Saleh was killed outside Sana’a some pragmatists proclaimed their dissent and fled
Houthi-controlled territory.
Executing Saleh was a double-edged sword for the Houthis. It provided the group
with a large boost in morale but cost many supporters who idolized Saleh. Some
of these supporters have now allied themselves to Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi’s
government, including an effective armed faction, the Guards of the Republic, under the leadership of Saleh’s
nephew, Tariq. The most influential component of the Houthi group is its
militant bloc, represented by the Supreme Revolutionary Committee, which is
structured similarly to Iran’s Revolutionary Guard. The Houthi military bloc is
formidably armed, including with weapons it seized from government forces in
the north.
The
Houthi military wing provides the only significant female representation within
the organization. Women participate in a special militia and are called
“al-Zaynabiyat,” after Zaynab, the daughter of the fourth caliph, Ali, who is
revered by Shiites. The Zaynabiyat violently
perpetuate Houthi political, military and social ambitions by performing physically laborious
and culturally sensitive tasks under the guidance of the Revolutionary
Committee, including participating in combat, facilitating home searches and
guarding female detainees.
The
Houthis are waging battles on many fronts, including internally. The military branch appears to be fighting
with the political branch and desires absolute control over the Houthi
movement. In April 2018, Saleh al-Sammad, the president of the Houthi state
and head of its political council, was killed by a coalition airstrike that
required sophisticated intelligence obtained from infiltration of the Houthi
leadership. It’s possible that members of the military wing provided that
information to remove Sammad. Further evidence of the breakdown in internal
Houthi dynamics can be found in recent credible reports of mounting
tensions between
Mahdi al-Mashat, Sammad’s replacement, and Mohammed al-Houthi, head of the
Revolutionary Committee, and allegations that Houthi attempted to assassinate
Mashat.
The
military branch of the Houthi movement could easily take advantage of its
powerful wartime role to crush its rivals in the political arm. Doing so,
however, would hinder the possibility of reconciliation with other Yemeni
groups postwar and would complicate the possibility of peace. If the war were to end tomorrow, though, the
tensions within the Houthi bloc would be left unresolved and would likely
weaken the movement from within. As long as the divisions persist, they
will present opportunities for outside groups—including current enemies. The
Houthis’ military wing is eager for Saudi support, and it might be a shrewd
move for the Saudis to deliver and draw some of the Houthis to their side while
weakening the movement as a whole.
Yemen’s
war is a gift to Iran; Iran’s quiet manipulation of the war has reinforced its
opponents’ fears that it is a menacing power in the Arabian Peninsula. Due to
the mismanagement of the conflict, what was initially an inflated threat is now
becoming a reality. Iran has received this reputational boost at low cost. In contrast to the
Arab coalition, which spends $5-6 billion each month
on the Yemen war, Iran is estimated to spend dramatically less on the
conflict—perhaps only several
million dollars each year in Yemen. This support has bolstered the
Houthis and lengthened the conflict. Over the past five years, Iran and its
Lebanese proxy, Hezbollah, have increased their military and technical support
to the Houthis and helped them survive the Arab coalition’s onslaught. When the
Arab Spring swept Yemen, Iran’s outreach to the Houthis was not exclusive. Iran
was interested in forming relationships with any group open to accepting its
patronage. Nor was Iran alone. Yemeni political blocs, and even civil society
groups, received new interest from Gulf countries, Turkey and other foreign
entities. Like other regional powers, Iran offered workshops and training for
independent female activists and grassroots nongovernmental organizations. At
one time, Iran also supported a branch of Yemen’s Southern Separatist
Movement, which is
now allied with Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Iran has lost its influence over
other Yemeni groups since the outbreak of the conflict, but it remains the
Houthis’ most significant foreign supporter.
While
the idea that Iran is the mastermind behind the Houthi movement is widespread,
the evolution of the Houthi organization suggests that they sought out Iran,
not the other way around. Yemeni scholars on the Houthi movement have argued
that the Houthis were impressed by the
organization and
discipline of Iran’s Revolutionary Guard and Lebanon’s Hezbollah and solicited
their advice. These experts have also
suggested that cooperation is based on political ambition rather than shared
religious beliefs.
Iran’s
ideological influence on the Houthis may have begun when Hussein Badr al-din
al-Houthi visited the Iranian city of Qom in the early 1990s, but Iran’s direct
tactical guidance was not evident until the sixth Sa’dah War, when
Saudi Arabia increased its involvement
in the Saleh government’s wars against the Houthis. In October 2009 and January
2013, two large shipments of weapons from
Iran were intercepted
by the Yemeni government and the USS Farragut, respectively. These intercepted
shipments indicated how important access to the Midi and Salif ports in
Hodeidah province are to the Houthis’ war effort. Iran also allegedly
transported supplies to the Houthis by air, delivering daily flights to Sana’a airport for three weeks
until access was blocked by the Saudi air campaign. A U.N. Security Council
report published in January 2019 revealed that Iran is also providing
the Houthis with an
estimated $30 million worth of fuel each month.
This
support is not the same thing as control. In fact, at times the Houthis appear
to have acted against the advice provided by their Iranian backers. It was even
reported that Iran advised the Houthis against the capture of the city of
Sana’a and counseled them to withdraw their forces from specific parts of
Yemen—presumably to protect the negotiation and implementation of the Joint
Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The Houthis’ rejection of Iran’s
direction revealed that the relationship between Iran and the Houthis, though
it had its roots in the 2009 Sa’dah war, was still nascent in 2015. The
successful capture of Sana’a was a surprise to everyone who doubted the
Houthis’ capabilities, including Iran. It also suggests that Iran was not
prioritizing its influence in Yemen at the time. It was the Houthis, not their
foreign patrons, who asserted their own will to power and proceeded with their
agenda. However, their poor planning and limited political experience prevented
them from anticipating the Arab coalition’s coordinated retaliation and since
then they have come to rely more on Iranian support.
The Trump administration has sought
to amplify the perception of Iranian influence in Yemen, especially since its
withdrawal from the JCPOA in May 2018. In December 2017, U.S. Ambassador to the United
Nations Nikki Haley delivered a speech in which she presented evidence that the
Houthis had used Iranian weapons against Saudi Arabia and called for
international condemnation. As the Trump administration works to increase
Iran’s diplomatic and economic isolation, Iran is likely to increase its
presence and involvement in Yemen to cement the increased influence it has
developed there in recent years. An increased Iranian role would prove even
more devastating to the Yemeni people and would exacerbate the humanitarian
crisis.
Since
the early 2000s, and especially in the past four years of conflict, the Houthis
have transformed from a small-scale rebel group warring in Yemen’s extreme
north to central participants in perhaps the most significant regional conflict
in the history of the modern Arabian Peninsula and the world’s deadliest war
today. Since 2011, they have risen from controlling Sa’dah, a single
marginalized governorate, to the majority of Yemen’s north, including the country’s
capital and its (failing) institutions. Today, the Houthis are taking on the
Arab coalition, which is flush with Western weapons and oil money.
Conclusion
It
will be challenging to convince the Houthis to view a state of peace as
preferable to a state of war. The Houthis, like many other parties to the
conflict in Yemen, understand that peace represents the diminution and
transformation of their influence in Yemen. Some peace proposals would require
the Houthis to hand over their heavy weaponry and withdraw from power centers
throughout the country. Forced to
transform into a political party, the Houthis would lose exclusive power and
privileges across Yemen’s north as they shed their military wing and limit
their political participation to peaceful democratic processes.
The Stockholm Treaty signed in December 2018 remains in
force but has faltered in its implementation and needs reinforcement. Though it
was criticized as vague and insubstantial, the treaty was nevertheless welcomed
as a first, albeit tentative, step toward peace. The peace process initiated in
Stockholm has faced hurdles in the months since; the head of the U.N. peace
monitoring forces
has already been replaced amid continuing conflict between the Houthis and their
opponents. Monitoring the technical details of the treaty matters, but more
important now is finding the political will for peace. Convincing the Houthis
to accept peace will require pressure coupled with political incentives to curb
their further expansion in Yemen and to ameliorate the world’s worst human-made
humanitarian crisis.
As
an incentive for peace, disarmament needs to include all non state actors at
war in Yemen, including the elite forces that support the government. The Arab
coalition will need to engage Houthi representatives and form a functional
relationship with them as a show of good faith—as the Arab coalition already
has with other Yemeni parties.
The
United States will also need to reopen its channels of communication with
Yemen’s warring parties and former political figures to end their heavy
reliance on their Arab coalition partners and finally play a significant role
as mediator. The U.S. relationship with Iran will determine the extent and
direction of Iranian involvement and influence on the Houthis in Yemen.
Focusing on the needs of the Houthis , in
isolation from the needs of rebuilding Yemen as a whole will only lead to
failed peace attempts and could empower the Houthis further. If Yemen is to remain a unitary state, the
grievances of all Yemenis will need to be addressed. To ensure this
happens, international organizations such as the United Nations and the
European Union, and countries with regional credibility and legitimacy such as
Oman, should step up to act as primary partners for peace with the support of
the United States, Britain and other powerful countries.
If
the Houthis fail to uphold their end of the peace bargain, the United Nations
and other peace brokers should pressure the Houthis with exclusion in post conflict
arrangements or the peace-building process—especially if the other political
and military factions in Yemen can agree. But this should be a last resort. The Houthis are a powerful faction, and
even if they have struggled to govern the country, they have demonstrated the
capacity to stoke conflict and spoil political cooperation. This will remain
true whenever the war ends.
Parliament: Apr., 1 ,2019: Yemeni President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi, who lives in Saudi Arabia while
rival Houthi forces control the capital Sanaa, made a rare visit to his country
on Saturday for a meeting of the divided parliament in a loyalist southern
province.In
Sanaa, however, the Houthis have started to organise elections to fill 24
vacant seats in the same parliament Both sides are under pressure from
international players to implement a United Nations-sponsored ceasefire deal
agreed last year in Sweden and to prepare for a wider political dialogue that
would end the four-year-old war. Lawmakers from both sides would ultimately
meet to agree on a political framework. Hadi’s
Riyadh-backed government, which is still recognised internationally, has been
based in the southern port city of Aden since 2015 and Hadi has not set foot
there since a visit last August. Hadi-aligned parliamentarians gathered in
Sayun, Hadramout province on Saturday
elected Sultan al-Burkani of the General People’s Congress (GPC) of late Yemeni
President Ali Abdullah Saleh as their new speaker.
Peace Talks: Apr., 15, 2019: More than four years after a brutal civil war in Yemen that
has claimed thousands of lives and has pushed millions to the brink of
starvation, Houthi rebels are ready to establish relations with the United States
The conflict in Yemen started in 2015 and escalated
into a proxy war between Iran and Saudi Arabia when a Saudi-led coalition
intervened to help the internationally recognized government roll back
Iran-aligned Houthi rebels. The United States also became involved by providing
the Saudi-led campaign aircraft refueling and some intelligence support. In an exclusive interview with the Voice of America, Hisham
Sharaf Abdullah, the foreign minister of the Houthis' self-proclaimed National
Salvation Government, said the group wishes to build relations with the U.S. as
the warring sides seek to find a solution in the U.N.-led peace talks
"Surely we are interested in having a good relationship with the United States. Everyone should know that," Abdullah told VOA Thursday in a phone interview from the capital Sanaa. U.S. lawmakers last week voted on a resolution forcing an end to U.S. military support for the Saudi-led campaign. In turn, the White House condemned the measure and warned it would harm U.S. relations with its allies in the region, including Saudi Arabia. .The Trump administration has been considering whether to designate Yemen's Houthi rebels a terrorist organization due to its close ties with Iran, according to a report by The Washington Post last year. Officials in Washington accuse Houthis of getting direct military and financial support from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Iran's elite force that will be labeled a terrorist organization by the U.S., effective Monday .But Houthi leaders are denying those allegations, maintaining that their relations with Tehran are diplomatic to gain humanitarian support for affected civilians in Yemen The Houthi movement consists mostly of the Shiite sect known as the Zaidis, which account for nearly 35 percent of Yemen's nearly 30 million population. The group has accused the majority Sunni sect of marginalization in the past . Since the 2015 conflict, the Houthis have transformed themselves from an isolated group in northeastern governorate of Saada to a local de facto state ruling a bulk of Yemen's key areas in the north, including the capital Sanaa. Their control has come at a heavy cost, however, with tens of thousands killed on both sides of the conflict and has caused what the United Nations said is the world's most urgent humanitarian crisis. The U.N. warns that two-thirds of all districts in the country are in a "pre-famine" state and an estimated 80 percent of the population are in need of some form of humanitarian assistance. A U.N.-sponsored initiative began in early December, when representatives from the warring sides came face-to-face in Sweden to discuss a peace process and agreed on a truce. But the effort has remained fragile as violence continues and each side blames the other for exploiting the process to prepare for war .Human right activists, meanwhile, are raising concerns over human rights violations by Houthis, including allegations of arbitrary detentions, torture and kidnapping. there are accusations that Houthis are blocking access to the delivery of much-needed food and medicine to civilians in Yemen.
Yemen civil war ceasefire: May, 11, 2019:
Yemen's Houthi group has unilaterally agreed to withdraw forces from three key ports, the United Nations said on Friday, a move needed to pave the way for political negotiations to end the country's four-year war. The group will redeploy its fighters from the ports of Hodeidah, Saleef and Ras Isa over four days, starting on Saturday, said the UN mission to support a peace deal brokered in Sweden last December. The move should allow the UN to take "a leading role in supporting the Red Sea Ports Corporation in managing the ports" and to enhance UN checks on cargoes. Under the agreement, pro-government forces are also expected to leave positions around the outskirts of Hodeidah in the initial redeployment, before a second phase in which both sides pull back further. The coalition alleges the Houthis use Hodeidah as a landing point to smuggle weapons supplied by Iran into Yemen, a charge the Houthis have denied. Humanitarian officials have long pleaded with Yemen's warring sides to spare the port, which serves as the entry point for the bulk of Yemen's commercial imports and a lifeline for aid supplies.
"Surely we are interested in having a good relationship with the United States. Everyone should know that," Abdullah told VOA Thursday in a phone interview from the capital Sanaa. U.S. lawmakers last week voted on a resolution forcing an end to U.S. military support for the Saudi-led campaign. In turn, the White House condemned the measure and warned it would harm U.S. relations with its allies in the region, including Saudi Arabia. .The Trump administration has been considering whether to designate Yemen's Houthi rebels a terrorist organization due to its close ties with Iran, according to a report by The Washington Post last year. Officials in Washington accuse Houthis of getting direct military and financial support from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Iran's elite force that will be labeled a terrorist organization by the U.S., effective Monday .But Houthi leaders are denying those allegations, maintaining that their relations with Tehran are diplomatic to gain humanitarian support for affected civilians in Yemen The Houthi movement consists mostly of the Shiite sect known as the Zaidis, which account for nearly 35 percent of Yemen's nearly 30 million population. The group has accused the majority Sunni sect of marginalization in the past . Since the 2015 conflict, the Houthis have transformed themselves from an isolated group in northeastern governorate of Saada to a local de facto state ruling a bulk of Yemen's key areas in the north, including the capital Sanaa. Their control has come at a heavy cost, however, with tens of thousands killed on both sides of the conflict and has caused what the United Nations said is the world's most urgent humanitarian crisis. The U.N. warns that two-thirds of all districts in the country are in a "pre-famine" state and an estimated 80 percent of the population are in need of some form of humanitarian assistance. A U.N.-sponsored initiative began in early December, when representatives from the warring sides came face-to-face in Sweden to discuss a peace process and agreed on a truce. But the effort has remained fragile as violence continues and each side blames the other for exploiting the process to prepare for war .Human right activists, meanwhile, are raising concerns over human rights violations by Houthis, including allegations of arbitrary detentions, torture and kidnapping. there are accusations that Houthis are blocking access to the delivery of much-needed food and medicine to civilians in Yemen.
Yemen's Houthi group has unilaterally agreed to withdraw forces from three key ports, the United Nations said on Friday, a move needed to pave the way for political negotiations to end the country's four-year war. The group will redeploy its fighters from the ports of Hodeidah, Saleef and Ras Isa over four days, starting on Saturday, said the UN mission to support a peace deal brokered in Sweden last December. The move should allow the UN to take "a leading role in supporting the Red Sea Ports Corporation in managing the ports" and to enhance UN checks on cargoes. Under the agreement, pro-government forces are also expected to leave positions around the outskirts of Hodeidah in the initial redeployment, before a second phase in which both sides pull back further. The coalition alleges the Houthis use Hodeidah as a landing point to smuggle weapons supplied by Iran into Yemen, a charge the Houthis have denied. Humanitarian officials have long pleaded with Yemen's warring sides to spare the port, which serves as the entry point for the bulk of Yemen's commercial imports and a lifeline for aid supplies.
Houthis
capture Saudi posts: June, 6, 2019:
Yemen’s Houthi
rebel group on Wednesday claimed to have captured 20 military positions inside
Saudi Arabia’s southwestern Najran province Houthi spokesman Yahya Sarei said the sites
were captured in a “surprise” offensive carried out over the last 2 hours. Earlier
Wednesday, the Houthi-run Al-Masirah television channel reported that Houthi
fighters had launched multiple attacks on several Saudi military positions in
Najran, which is located adjacent to the Yemeni border. According to Sarei,
Houthi fighters overwhelmed the positions in a “surprise attack carried out
along three separate axes”. The spokesman went on to assert that more than 200
personnel affiliated with a Saudi-led military coalition had been killed or
wounded, while numerous others were captured along with large quantities of
military equipment
Houthi drone attack: June, 10, 2019:
Yemen’s Iran-aligned Houthi
movement launched multiple drone attacks targeting Jizan airport in Saudi
Arabia near the border with Yemen, a tweet on Sunday by the group’s TV
Al-Masirah said. The attacks targeted Saudi drone bunkers and stations in the
airport, it added.There was no Saudi confirmation of the attacks.
The
Houthis, who overthrew the Saudi-backed internationally recognised government
from power in the Yemeni capital Sanaa in late 2014, have stepped up missile
and drone attacks on Saudi cities in the past two weeks. Last Thursday, the
rebel group said they had targeted the airport in the Saudi Arabian city of
Najran with a drone strike. The kingdom said the attack was intercepted by its
air defenses and destroyed.
Airport Attack: June, 13, 2109:
Yemen's Houthis have fired a missile at Saudi Arabia's Abha airport, wounding 26
civilians in the building's arrivals hall, according to the Saudi-UAE-led
coalition fighting the rebels. A
projectile hit the arrivals hall at Abha airport, causing material damage.
Three women and two children were among the wounded, and were of Saudi, Yemeni
and Indian nationalities, it said. Houthi-affiliated Al Masirah TV reported
that the Houthi forces launched a cruise missile attack on Abha airport, which
is about 200km north of the border with Yemen and serves domestic and regional
routes
Houthi drone attack: June, 19, 2019:
Yemen's Houthi movement launched a new drone attack targeting the Abha airport
in southern Saudi Arabia,
the group's Al Masirah TV said on Monday. There was no immediate confirmation
of the attack from Saudi Arabia, which on Saturday launched
air attacks on Houthi rebel forces in Yemen's capital Sanaa, part of an
escalation of tit-for-tat attacks that has stoked regional tensions.
The Houthis
have stepped up drone and missile attacks on cities in neighbouring Saudi
Arabia in recent months as tensions have risen between Iran
and Gulf Arab states allied with the United States
further afield across the Middle East.
southern regions of Saudi Arabia,
including Abha, Khamis Mushait and Jizan.
Since the Western-backed coalition led
by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)
began their military campaign nearly four years ago, more than 10,000 people
have been killed. The civil war has pushed the impoverished country to the
verge of famine, according to the United Nations and aid agencies.
The Yemen conflict is widely seen in
the region as a proxy war between Saudi Arabia and Iran. Attacks on oil tankers
near the Strait of Hormuz has raised tensions, with the US and Saudi Arabia pointing the
finger at Tehran.
"We also call on airline companies
and civilians to stay away from airports and military sites as they have become
legitimate targets," spokesman Yahya Sariee said in a Facebook post.
Drone shot down:
June, 20, 2019: Saudi air defenses on Wednesday
shot down a drone launched by Houthi rebels from Yemen, according to a
spokesman for the Saudi-led coalition."The drone was intercepted over
[Yemen's] Hajjah province before entering the Saudi airspace," Colonel
Turki Al-Malki said in a statement cited by the official SPA news agency.
Houthis attack : June, 27,2019: Yemen’s Houthi group attacked military positions and aircraft hangars at Saudi Arabia’s Abha and Jizan airports, the group’s Al Masirah TVsaid on Tuesday, citing a military spokesman. There was no immediate confirmation from Saudi authorities.
US missile: June, 30, 2019: Military officials with Libya's United Nations-recognised government say they have seized United States-made weapons at a base they captured from forces loyal to renegade General Khalifa Haftar in Libya, prompting an investigation by the US State Department.
The Tripoli-based Government of National Accord (GNA) on Wednesday retook Gharyan, a strategic town south of the capital, from Haftar's self-styled Libyan National Army (LNA). The GNA said that among the weaponry its forces had seized were a number of US-made Javelin anti-tank missiles packed in wooden crates marked "armed forces of the United Arab Emirates" (UAE). Libyan media also aired footage that appeared to show markings that indicated that the US-made weapons were originally sold to the UAE - a major buyer of US weapons and one of Haftar's main international supporters -in 2008.
UAE withdraw: July, 13,2019:
- Military forces of the United Arab Emirates have started a withdrawal from the conflict in Yemen, Emirati officials said, leaving Saudi Arabia to fight Houthi rebels. For four years, the UAE has provided weapons, funding, training and at least 5,000 troops to a cause which props up Yemen's government but has killed thousands of civilians but resulted in a massive humanitarian crisis. In the past month, the Emerati deployment at rebel-held Hodeidah, Yemen's major port, has been reduced from 750 to 150, and helicopters and heavy artillery have been removed
Houthis threaten to attack SA: July, 23,
2019: The Houthis
yesterday announced that Saudi soldiers had been killed in an offensive
operation launched by the movement’s militants in the Jazan region, southwest
of Saudi Arabia. The Houthis’ Al-Masirah channel quoted an unnamed military
source saying that the movement has launched an offensive operation east of
Jahfan Mountain on the Jazan Front. A number of Saudi soldiers were killed and
wounded during the attack. The Houthi
group has recently increased its drone and medium-range missile attacks on
Saudi targets, especially at Jazan and Abha airports. The movement also
announced the death of Saudi soldiers during clashes near the Yemeni border.